topic 1.1

• Axial skeleton


  Central to everything, comprised of the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column
• Axial skeleton


  • Vertebral column consists of: cervical- seven bones, thoracic- twelve bones, lumbar- five bones, sacral- five bones (fused as one), coccyx- four bones (fused as one)
• Appendicular skeleton


  Consists of the pectoral girdle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals and metatarsals
• Remember: ilium, pubis, ischium
• Axial skeleton function


  • Provides protection of vital organs
  • Support and maintenance of posture/structure
  • Provides attachment points for the muscle/movement
  • Storage and release of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
  • Blood cell production
• Appendicular skeleton function


  • Provides attachment for muscles to enable movement
  • Provides levers to allow movement
  • Provides protection
  • Storage and release of minerals
• Axial skeleton function examples


  • Skull protects the brain during a tackle in rugby, ribs protect the heart and lung
  • Vertebral column supports the weight of the upper body while balancing on a beam in gymnastics
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Ribs and sternum
• Appendicular skeleton function examples


  • Scapula provides attachment for rotator cuff muscles which supports the shoulders during the rings and vaulting in gymnastics
  • Humerus and ulna articulate to form a lever that allows for a more effective release of a javelin
  • Pelvic girdle protects reproductive organs
• Types of bone


  • Long bone
  • Short bone
  • Flat bone
  • Irregular bone
• Long bone


  • Usually have a long cylindrical shaft and are enlarged at both ends known as the epiphysis
  • Can be large or small but the length is always greater than the width
  • They are the most common bones for movement
  • Examples: femur, humerus, ulna, radius, fibula, tibia, metacarpals, phalanges
• Short bone


  • They are small and cubed shaped
  • They serve to transfer forces
  • Examples: carpals in the hand and tarsals in the foot
• Flat bone


  • They usually have curved surfaces and vary from being quite thick to very thin
  • They provide protection and the broad surfaces also provide a large area for muscle attachments
  • Examples: sternum, scapula, ribs, skull
• Irregular bone


  • They have specialised shapes and functions
  • Examples: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
• Anatomical terminology

  Inferior - Towards the feet

  Superior - Towards the head

  Proximal - Towards the body's mass

  Distal - Away from the body's mass

  Medial - Towards the midline of the body

  Lateral - Away from the midline of the body

  Posterior - Towards the back

  Anterior - Towards the front
• Cartilage


  • Joins bone to bone in cartilaginous joints
  • Allows limited movement in cartilaginous
  • Absorbs shock and reduces how much stress an impact puts on your bones
• Ligament


  • Attaches bone to bone in synovial joints
  • Helps provide stability for synovial joints
  • Prevents bones from dislocating
• Tendon


  • Attaches skeletal muscle to bone
  • Helps provide stability and strength for synovial joints
  • Work as levers to move your bones as your muscles contract and expand
• Joint


  A place where two or more bones articulate
• Fibrous joint


  • No synovial cavity

  Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue

  Connective tissue contains collagen fibres

  None or very limited movement

  Example: bones of the cranium which are fused in lines called sutures
• Cartilaginous joint


  • No synovial cavity

  Bones held together by cartilage

  Slightly moveable limited movement compared to fibrous

  Example: intervertebral disc located between adjacent vertebrae or by a thick layer of hyaline cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum
• Synovial joint


  • Synovial cavity

  Bones forming the joint are United by a surrounding articular capsule and often by accessory ligaments

  Freely moveable: greater range or movement compared to the cartilaginous and fibrous

  Synovial fluid inside of the joint capsule

  Most joints in the body are synovial

  Example: hip and knee joint
• Types of synovial joint

  • radius & ulna