UCSP Cultural, Social And Political Institution

• Kinship


  A social institution that refers to relations formed between members of a society
• Types of Kinship


  • Kinship by Blood
  • Kinship by Marriage
  • Kinship by Rituals
• Kinship by Blood


  • Considered the most basic and general form of relations
  • Relationship that arises in one's group of origin
  • Includes parent-child, niece/nephew/uncle relationships
• Descent


  A biological relationship, refers to an individual's child or offspring or their parents and ancestry
• Principles of Descent


  • Unilineal Descent (traced through a single line of ancestors, either paternal or maternal)
  • Bilateral Descent (traced equally through both mother and father)
• Marriage


  A formal commitment between two people in a legal and religious partnership, creating a shared rights and duties
• Types of Marriage


  • Opposite-sex marriage
  • Arranged marriage
  • Same-sex marriage
• Kinship by Marriage


  When people become family not because they are born into the same family, but because they are married to each other or related to someone who is married
• Affinity (kinship by marriage)

  • Mother-in-law
  • Father-in-law
  • Brother-in-law
• Monogamy


  The marriage of one woman to one man at a time
• Monogamous Mating Systems


  • Lifelong pair bonding
  • Monogamous relationships in humans
• Serial Monogamy


  Remarriage after divorce or death of a partner, or successive long-term relationships, or cohabitation followed by marriage
• Polygamy


  The custom of having more than one legal spouse at the same time
• Polygyny


  The practice of having multiple wives, where two or more women share a husband
• Polyandry


  The practice of having more than one husband
• Post-Marital Residency


  • Patrilocal Residence (couples live with or near the husband's parents)
  • Matrilocal Residence (couples live with or near the wife's parents)
  • Avunculocal (couples live with or near the husband's mother's brother or other male relatives on the mother's side)
  • Bilocal/Ambilocal (couples can live with the husband's or wife's parents)
  • Neolocal (couples establish their own independent home, separate from their relatives)
  • Duolocal (the married couple does not have a shared household, they continue to live with their respective families)
  • Matripatrilocal (couples live with the wife's family for a short period, then permanently shift to the husband's family)
• Referred Marriage


  When someone finds their partner through friends, relatives or matchmakers
• Arranged Marriage


  A marriage planned and agreed to by the families or guardians of the couple
• Kinship by Ritual


  People who are not biologically related but are connected through religious, economic, political or other social ties, like friendship, compadrazgo (godparenthood), or adoption
• The state has three functions: to maintain law and order, to protect its citizens from external threats, and to promote economic development.
• The state is the most important political institution.
• The state can be defined as an organization that claims sovereignty over a particular territory and population.