2.5 Carbon Chemistry

• Alkene functional group


  c=c
• Alkyne functional group


  c(triple bond)c
• alcohol/alkanol functional group


  -OH (hydroxyl group)
• haloalkane functional group


  -Cl or -Br
• amine functional group


  -NH2
• carboxylic acids functional group


  -COOH
• Hydrocarbon


  carbon compounds containing only C and H atoms
• Functional Group


  part of the organic molecule where the reaction takes place
• Homologous series


  series of compounds with the same general formula and properties
• Naming rules for molecules

  1. Count longest chain
  2. Identify side branches and position in chain
  3. (position of chain)-__yl #carbons
• Isomers


  Different compounds with the same molecular formula
• Structural isomers


  Molecules whose atoms are bonded in different orders
• Saturated hydrocarbon


  Only contain single bonds, full amount of hydrogen atoms
• Cracking


  long-chained, waxy alkanes can be cracked into 2 shorter-chain hydrocarbons by heating strongly or warming gently over a catalyst.

  1 alkane and 1 alkene as products
• Complete Combustion


  When oxygen is plentiful complete combustion occurs and carbon dioxide is produced. Complete combustion produces a hot blue flame that burns cleanly (no soot)
• Complete combustion equation


  CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
• Incomplete combustion


  When oxygen is limited, incomplete combustion occurs and carbon monoxide or carbon is produced. Incomplete combustion produces an orange flame and soot (carbon).
• Incomplete combustion reactions


  CH4 + 3/2O2 -> CO + 2H2O

  CH4 + O2 -> C + 2H2O
• Substitution


  In the presence of UV light, alkanes undergo substitution reactions with members of the halogen family (Cl2, Br2). Substitution reactions occur when an atom (or group of atoms) on a hydrocarbon chain is replaced by another atom (or group of atoms).