Physical Science

• Physical Science


  Any of the natural sciences that deal primarily with nonliving materials
• Branches of Physical Science


  • Astronomy
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • Geology
  • Meteorology
  • Oceanography
• Astronomy


  The science that deals with the study of all Celestial objects and phenomena
• Chemistry


  The science that deals with the properties, composition, and structure of a matter
• Physics


  The science that concerned with the nature and properties of a matter and energy
• Geology


  The study of the composition, structure, physical properties, and components, and the processes by which the EARTH is shaped
• Meteorology


  The science which includes atmospheric Chemistry and atmospheric Physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting
• Oceanography


  The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean
• Big Bang


  Formation of H, He
• Stellar Fusion


  1. He through Fe

  2. ~14 to 5 Billion Years Ago
• Nova


  Formation of Fe
• The Universe and the Formation of the Elements
• Big Bang


  Expansion of space 14 billion years ago
• Expanding universe


  • As the universe expands, it cools
• Particle energy


  The more energetic the particles, the higher the temperature
• Element identity


  Depends on the number of protons
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis


  1. Protons and neutrons combine to form deuterium

  2. Deuterium combines with neutron to form tritium

  3. Tritium combines with proton to form helium-4

  4. Helium-4 combines with tritium to form lithium

  5. Helium-4 combines with helium-3 to form beryllium
• 20 minutes after the Big Bang, the temperature dropped and protons and neutrons could no longer combine
• Light elements formed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis


  • Hydrogen
  • Helium
  • Lithium
  • Beryllium
• Nucleosynthesis


  As the Universe cools, protons and neutrons can fuse to form heavier atomic nuclei
• Deuterium


  P P
• Tritium


  P P neutron
• Helium


  P P
• Cosmology


  A branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into the future
• Cosmic stages


  • Big bang nucleosynthesis formed the light elements (H, He, and Li)
  • Stellar formation and evolution formed the elements heavier than Be to Fe
  • Stellar explosion, or supernova, formed the elements heavier than Fe
• Big Bang


  • An expansion of the space
  • As the universe expands, it cools
  • The more energetic the particles are, the higher their temperature will be
  • The identity of the element depends on how many protons it has
• Big Bang Theory


  Explains how the elements were initially formed, the formation of different elements involved many nuclear reactions, including fusion, fission and radioactive decay
• Part of the proof of the Big Bang Theory is the amounts of H and He we have in the universe today</b>
• Stages of Big Bang Theory


  • Singularity - a point in space and/or a moment in time where the universe was infinitely hot and dense
  • Inflation - a theory of exponential expansion of space in the early universe, lasted from 10^-36 seconds
  • Recombination - the epoch at which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms
  • Annihilation - in physics, reaction in which a particle and its antiparticle collide and disappear, releasing energy
  • Redshift - the displacement of spectral lines toward longer wavelengths (the red end of the spectrum) in radiation from distant galaxies and celestial objects
• The elements were initially formed during the Big-bang era, where the universe came from a tiny hot dense (singularity) and expanding in space, as it expanding the proton and neutron combine and formed the first element in the universe
• 0.00001/10^-5 seconds

  -After the big bang

  Quarts combine to form protons and neutrons

  Protons and Neutrons combine to form helium, lithium , and beryllium through the process of big bang nucleosynthesis
• Hydrogen- 1 proton

  Helium- 2 proton
• Hot temperature makes protons and neutrons energetic, and they won't combine
• Nucleosynthesis basically means protons and neutrons combines to form deuteron.
• Deuteron is the isotope of hydrogen with a proton and neutron
• Tritium is the isotope of hydrogen with one proton and two neutrons
• Lithium was formed through the collision of helium 4 and triton

  Beryllium was formed through collision and combination of helium 4 and helium 3 (2 protons, 1 neutron)
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis


  The process of creating heavier chemical elements from lighter elements in stars
• Proton-proton fusion


  Fusion of hydrogen-1 to form helium-4
• Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen Cycle


  Nuclear fusion process that converts hydrogen into helium in stars