evoltuion

• What did Charles Darwin do?

  developed the theory of evolution and natural selection
• What helped lay the groundwork for Darwin's ideas?

  the study of fossils
• Gradualism


  the idea that profound change can take place through the cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes
• What book did Darwin write?


  On the Origin of Species
• What did Darwin travel on?

  HMS Beagle
• Where did the Beagle stop at?

  Galapagos Islands
• What did Darwin collect on his voyage?


  South American plants and animals
• When did Darwin publish his theory/book?

  1859
• What is Darwin's Key Idea?

  Individuals that have traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
• Overproduction


  Every population is capable of producing more offspring than can possibly survive
• Variation


  Individuals of the same species show differences. Exists within every population. Most of this is in the form of inherited traits. Natural Selection CANNOT occur without this.
• Selection


  in a particular environment, having a particular trait can make individuals more or less likely to survive
• Adaptation


  over time those traits that improve survival and reproduction will become more common
• Darwin came up with...

  natural selection and artificial selection
• Artificial selection


  when desirable traits are chosen by people
• Fossils form...


  between layers
• Bottom layers are


  older
• vestigial structures


  a body part that no longer has a function
• homologous structures


  structures that share common ancestry
• Embryos share...


  same traits from common ancestry
• Darwin lacked knowledge of


  genetics, the clear mechanism for inheritance
• Traits become more common in a population becuase...

  more individuals in a population carry the allele for those traits
• The frequency of certain alleles increases or decreases due to

  natural selection
• Populations of the same species live in different locations tend to...

  evolve differently
• Genetics support


  Darwin's work
• Microevolution


  study where we observe changes in the number and types of alleles in a population; in a sense is population genetics
• The link from microevolution to macroevolution is


  speciation
• Dicontinuous variation


  everyone fits into one of a series of categories with no in-betweens. Typically caused by genes
• Continuous variation


  individuals are a variety of options for a given characteristic. Typically influenced by both genes and environment
• Gene pool


  the particular combination of alleles in a population at any one point in time. (total number of allele(s) in a population)
• Frequency


  the proportion or ratio of a group that is of one type
• Genetic variation and change are measured in terms of the...


  frequency of alleles in a gene pool of a population
• Genotype frequencies differ from


  allele frequencies
• Genotype frequency


  requires counting by indivodual (BB,Bb,bb)
• Allele frequency


  takes into consideration EACH allele (B,B,B,b,b,b)
• Meiosis


  random exchange and assortment of chromosomes
• Fertilization


  any two genetics can fuse so many possible combinations of genes exist
• Mutation


  sudden exchange in a gene or chromosome; introduces new alleles
• Genetic equilibrium


  a state in which a population experiencesnogenetic change
• Hardy-Weinberg Principle


  predicts that the frequency of alleles & genotypes in a population will not change unless at least one of the five forces acts upon the population