FINAL A&P1 REVIEW

• differentiate between anatomy and physiology

  anatomy- study of function; structure determines function
• List and explain the function necessary for maintaining life (characteristics of life)

  responsiveness, conductivity, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, secretion, excretion, circulation, reproduction
• List and describe the levels of organization within the body

  subatomic particles-> atom-> molecule-> macromolecules-> organelle-> cell-> tissue-> organ-> organ system-> organism
• list the three basic components of every feedback control system

  sensor(receptor); integrator (control center); effector
• explain the mechanisms of action (overall goal) of negative and positive feedback control systems

  negative- to correct, stop, inhibit a change; positive- stimulates a change
• superior

  towards the head
• inferior

  towards the feet
• posterior

  back of the body
• anterior

  front of the body
• proximal

  towards the core of the body
• distal

  away from the core
• lateral

  away from the midline
• medial

  towards the midline
• sagittal plane

  right and left halves
• transverse plane

  superior and inferior halves
• frontal or coronal

  anterior and posterior halves
• ionic bond

  electrons are transferred
• covalent bonds

  electrons are shared
• percentage of the body is ...

  makes up 70% of the human body
• carbohydrates

  monomer - monosaccharide

  function- energy for cellular activites
• proteins 


  monomer - amino acid

  function- defense system (antibodies), structural support (skin, tendons, nails), enzymes, communication
• lipids

  structure: glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails

  function: concentrated energy source
• nucleic acids

  monomer: nucleotide (sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base)

  function: store genetic information(DNA), transfer genetic information
• acid

  any substance that releases H+ when in solution (proton donor); lowers pH
• base

  any substance that increases the OH- concentration when dissociated in solution (proton acceptor); increases pH
• endoplasmic reticulum

  protein synthesis and intracellular transport
• ribosomes

  site of protein synthesis (cell's "protein factory)
• golgi apparatus

  processing and packaging plant; exports proteins made in the ER
• mitochondria

  power plant; ATP is synthesized
• lysosomes

  "digestive bags"; rid cell of wates
• peroxisomes

  detoxifying function; important to liver and kidneys
• cytoskeleton

  cell fibers, centrioles, centrosomes
• microfilaments (cell fiber)

  cellular muscles
• intermediate filaments (cell fibers)

  main components of the supporting framework in many cells
• microtubules (cell fiber)

  cell "engine" - help with movement within cell and of the cell itself
• centrosome

  "microtubule-organization center" ; important in cell division b/c helps move chromosomes around the cell
• centrioles

  cylindrical structures within the centrosomes; role in cell division
• microvilli (cell extension)

  increase surface area; increases absorption (small intestine)
• cilia (cell extension)

  transport fluid across cell surface (respiratory tract)
• flagella (cell extension)

  aids in locomotion (sperm cell)