AP HUG - Unit 1

• Purpose of a map


  • Reference tool
  • Communication tool
• Reference tool


  • Where are things found
  • How to navigate
• Communication tool


  • The location of human activities
  • Physical features and their distribution
• Basic map elements


  • Title
  • Compass rose
  • Scale
  • Toponyms
  • Legend or key
• Types of toponyms


  • Religious names
  • Physical features
  • People
  • Colonized countries
• Cartographic scale


  • Representative Fraction (RF)
  • Written Statement
  • Graphic Bar
• Small scale


  • Larger area with fewer details
  • Think "situation"
• Large scale


  • Smaller area but with more details
  • Think "site"
• Geographic scale


  Actual size of the earth's surface
• Types of regions


  • Functional region
  • Formal region
  • Perceptual region
• Functional region


  Nodal, with social and economic relationships
• Formal region


  Characteristics are uniform from one place to another within the designated region
• Perceptual region


  Exists in people's minds
• There is no perfect way to show the earth
• What gets distorted in map projections


  • Shape
  • Distance
  • Relative size
  • Direction
• Distribution


  Arrangement of a feature in space, the way something is spread out over an area
• Properties of distribution


  • Density
  • Concentration
  • Pattern
• Density


  How often something occurs in an area, usually population
• Concentration


  Way in which a feature is spread over an area, closer together = clustered, further apart = dispersed
• Pattern


  The arrangement of objects, could be regular or irregular
• 2020 US Presidential Election map


  • Blue = Democrats, Red = Republicans

  
• Diffusion


  Something originates at the hearth and diffuses to other places
• Hearth


  Where diffusion originates
• Types of diffusion


  • Relocation
  • Expansion
• Expansion diffusion


  Happens more rapidly now due to hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus diffusion
• Tobler's First Law of Geography: All things are related to everything else but near things are more related than distant things
• Globalization


  Time-space convergence, gravity model based on Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
• Culture


  The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition
• Acculturation processes


  • Assimilation
  • Acculturation
  • Syncretic
• Sustainability


  Using Earth's resources (both renewable and nonrenewable) in ways that ensure their availability for future generations
• Ecosystem comparison


  • Netherlands: Reclamation of land from seas to convert into farmland, but sea levels are rising
  • California: Most water used for crops not drought-tolerant, population too large, not sustainable
• Geography


  The study of where things are found on Earth's surface and the reasons for the locations
• Geographer


  Asks two simple questions: Where are people and activities found on Earth? Why are they found there?
• Geographers can drive or fly to another place to study Earth's surface, whereas historians cannot travel to another time to study other eras firsthand
• Place


  A specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic. Every place occupies a unique location, or position, on Earth's surface
• Region


  An area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics. Geographers divide the world into a number of regions
• Scale


  The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole. Geographers study a variety of scales, from local to global
• Space


  The physical gap or interval between two objects. Geographers observe that many objects are distributed across space in a regular manner, for discernible reasons
• Connection


  Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space. Geographers are concerned with the various means by which connections occur
• Prehistoric humans were the first people to make maps