Exam 4 Lecture 22

• Example of an antiviral drug that inhibits DNA polymerase of herpes viruses

  Acyclovir
• Influenza drug that blocks neuraminidase

  Tamiflu
• Influenza drug that blocks RNA replicase, inhibiting replication and translation of viral RNA

  Xofluza
• The major goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is to

  Reduce viral loads
• What is the azido group on AZT

  N3
• Azidothymidine (AZT) is a

  Nucleoside analog
• What anti-HIV drug targets reverse transcriptase

  Azidothymidine (AZT)

  Copies viral RNA to DNA
• What anti-HIV drug targets integrase

  Integrase inhibitors

  Integrates DNA copy into host DNA (provirus)
• What anti-HIV drug targets protease

  Ritonavir

  Processes viral polypeptides into proteins for virion assembly
• Reverse transcriptase mistakes AZT for what and what happens as a result

  Thymidine

  Stops DNA chain growth
• What anti-HIV drug contains compounds that function as analogs (similar to AZT)

  Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

  Examples: Descovy and Truvada
• 2 medications that target SARS-CoV-2

  Paxlovid
• Antiprotozoan drug that blocks heme polymerization in malaria

  Chloroquine
• Antiprotozoan drug that blocks e- transport and pyrimidine synthesis in malaria

  Malorone
• Antiprotozoan drug that treats Giardia and some bacteria (Helicobacter) by entering the pathogen, activating it, which leads to nicking of pathogen DNA

  Metronidazole (Flagyl)

  It's a prodrug
• Type of drug that is harmless until activated

  Prodrug
• Give examples of two superbugs


  Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

  - have vanA gene

  - encodes enzyme that replaces D-Ala with D-lactate

  
  

  Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

  - have mecA gene

  - encodes PBP resistant to penicillin
• How can R plasmids be transferred

  By transformation and conjugation
• What are 4 mechanisms of drug resistance?

  1) Modify the antibiotic target

  2) Inactivate the drug via antibiotic-degrading enzyme

  3) Chemically modify antibiotic in the cell via antibiotic-altering enzyme

  4) Pump antibiotic out via efflux pump before the drug can alter
• True or False: Antibiotics don't mutate microbes, but rather create environments that select for antibiotic-resistant mutants

  True
• Ways to overcome drug resistance


  Use drugs only when necessary

  Take prescribed course

  Don't treat viral infections with antibacterials

  Give drug in high concentrations

  Give two or more drugs at the same time
• What two drugs is Augmentin made of

  Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid
• What is Listex


  Sprayed on food

  Phage goes after microbial foodborne pathogen listeria

  Phage Therapy