Anatomy FInal

• Supine


  Lying up
• Prone


  Lying down
• Axial


  No legs/arms
• Superior


  Above head
• Inferior


  Below tail
• Medial


  Towards middle of body
• Lateral


  Away from middle
• Proximal


  Close to attachments
• Distal


  Away from attachment points
• Superficial


  Towards surface
• Deep


  Away from surface
• Transverse - divides body into superior and inferior
• Frontal - divides into anterior and posterior
• Sagittal - divides into left and right
• Body cavities


  Allow organs to change shape + protection
• Pleural cavity


  One for each lung
• Peritoneal cavity


  Liver, spleen, small intestine, large intestine
• Serous membrane


  Moistens, coats surface, opposes friction, surrounds visceral organs
• Positive feedback


  Continuous until goal is met and then resets
• Positive feedback


  • Childbirth, action potential
• Negative feedback


  Maintains a steady state
• Negative feedback


  • Osmoregulation, thermoregulation, blood sugar, urine system
• 4 main tissue types


  • Epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective
• Epithelial tissue polarity


  Top surface in touch with lumen, basal attached to basement membrane
• Epithelial tissue shapes


  • Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
• Epithelial tissue layers


  • Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified
• Epithelial tissue junctions


  Cells are touching
• Gap junctions


  Allow communication between cells
• Tight junctions


  No leakage
• Hemidesmosomes


  Link epithelial cells to basement membrane
• Mesothelial


  Surrounds hearts and lungs
• Endothelial


  Line the inside of blood vessels, and inner lining of heart
• Gland types


  • Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine
• Connective tissue


  Underlies epithelium, few cells/mostly extracellular matrix
• Connective tissue types


  • Loose, Areolar, Adipose, Dense
• Blood


  RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma
• Lymph


  Interstitial fluid forms as bp forces water and solutes out of bloodstream across capillary walls forming lymph
• Cartilage


  Shock absorption, avascular, chondrocytes with lacunae
• Bone


  Osseous tissue, Osteocytes lie in lacunae, Vascularized
• Fibroblasts


  Make collagen