Biology

• What are proteins essential for?

  Life
• Why are proteins important in diet and nutrition?

  They play a crucial role in maintaining bodily functions
• What are proteins made of?

  Amino acids
• How many different types of amino acids are there?

  20
• What is the significance of amino acids in proteins?

  Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
• What is the general structure of an amino acid?

  It has a central carbon atom, a carboxyl group, an amine group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group
• What does the R group in an amino acid represent?

  It is a placeholder for a large group that varies among different amino acids
• How can you determine if you are looking at a protein when examining a macromolecule?

  By identifying the straight N-C-C structure
• What is a dipeptide?

  A molecule formed from two amino acids
• What is a polypeptide?

  A chain of many amino acids
• What is an oligopeptide?

  A peptide consisting of 2 to 20 amino acids
• What is a peptide bond?

  The bond formed between amino acids during protein synthesis
• How are proteins formed?

  Through condensation reactions between amino acids
• What happens during the condensation reaction of amino acids?

  The carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with the amine group of another, releasing water
• How many essential amino acids can humans synthesize?

  9
• What are non-essential amino acids?

  Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must come from the diet
• What are some examples of essential amino acids?

  Ala, Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val
• Why do vegetarians need to plan their diet carefully?

  To ensure they get all non-essential amino acids
• How does the diversity of proteins arise?

  From the numerous combinations of the 20 different amino acids
• What factors contribute to the diversity in protein form and function?

  The properties of the R-groups and their interactions
• What are some functions of proteins?

  Building muscles and fighting diseases
• How does the three-dimensional structure of proteins affect their function?

  The function depends on the specific shape of the protein
• What is denaturation of proteins?

  It is the alteration of a protein's structure, leading to loss of functionality
• What can cause denaturation of proteins?

  Changes in temperature, pH, and salt levels
• How do different proteins tolerate extreme environments?

  Some proteins are adapted to function under extreme heat or acidic conditions
• What is the process of protein synthesis in cells?

  • Amino acids are linked to form dipeptides and polypeptides
  • Peptide bonds are formed through condensation reactions
  • Proteins fold into their functional three-dimensional structures
• What is the primary structure of proteins?

  The sequence of amino acids determined by DNA
• What stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins?

  Hydrogen bonds between non-adjacent amino acids
• What occurs in the tertiary structure of proteins?

  Further folding occurs due to interactions between R-groups
• What are globular proteins?

  Proteins that are round and soluble
• What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

  It consists of more than one polypeptide chain
• What is the difference between fibrous and globular proteins?

  Fibrous proteins are long and not highly folded, while globular proteins are highly folded and soluble
• What determines a protein's conformation?

  The bonding arrangements within the protein's structure
• How does a change in primary structure affect protein function?

  It can affect the protein's conformation and ability to function
• What is lipase?

  An enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol
• What is the function of insulin?

  It helps glucose enter cells for energy
• What is collagen's role in the body?

  It provides structural support to connective tissues
• What is hemoglobin's primary function?

  To carry oxygen in red blood cells
• What is the structure of hemoglobin?

  It has a quaternary structure with four polypeptide chains
• What is a conjugated protein?

  A protein that consists of polypeptide chains and non-polypeptide parts