CPH Lec week 15

• Non Communicable Disease (NCD)


  Not passed from person to person
• NCD

  • Long duration and generally slow progression
  • Also known as Chronic Disease
  • Chronic mental illness
  • Injuries, which have an acute onset, but may be followed by prolonged convalescence and impaired function
• Examples of NCD

  • Cancers
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Diabetes
  • Chronic lung disease
• Characteristics of NCD

  • Complex etiology (Origin)
  • Multiple risk factors
  • Insidious onset
  • Long onset (progressive)
  • Long latency period (hindi agad sya na dedetect)
  • Prolonged course of illness (long time care)
  • Functional impairment or disability (higher risk)
• Risk factor


  An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or a hereditary characteristic that is associated with an increase in the occurrence of a particular disease, injury, or other health condition
• Modifiable Risk Factor


  A risk factor that CAN be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of disease
• Modifiable risk factors prioritized by WHO

  • Physical inactivity
  • Tobacco use
  • Alcohol use
  • Unhealthy diets
• Non-Modifiable Risk Factor


  A risk factor that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention
• Examples of Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

  • Age
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Family history (genetics)
• Major Chronic Diseases and their Risk Factors

  • Heart Disease and Stroke
  • Cancer
  • Diabetes and prediabetes
  • Chronic Respiratory Diseases
• Heart Disease and Stroke


  • Contributes to high morality rate every year
  • Heart disease: 1st leading cause of death
  • Stroke: 5th leading cause of death
  • Greatly affects health care expenses and work productivity
• Risk Factors for Heart Disease and Stroke

  • High blood pressure and high LDL cholesterol
  • Diabetes
  • Smoking and secondhand smoke exposure
  • Obesity, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity
• High blood pressure and high LDL cholesterol


  • Leading cause of heart disease and stroke
  • 130/80 mm Hg or higher
• Diabetes


  • High blood sugar level can damage blood vessels in the heart and block vessels leading to the brain, causing a stroke
  • Increase TAG and LDL
• Smoking and secondhand smoke exposure


  • Major cause of heart disease and stroke
  • Damages the body in several ways
• Obesity, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity


  • Increases blood pressures, LDL cholesterol, TAG
  • Decreases HDL cholesterol
• Cancer


  • 2nd leading cause of death in United States
  • 1.7 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year
  • 600,000 people die from cancer each year
  • 1 in 3 people will have cancer in their lifetime
• Risk Factors for Cancer

  • Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke exposure
  • Exposure to sun and tanning
  • Overweight and obesity
  • Excessive Alcohol use
  • Infectious disease
• Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke exposure


  May lead to cancer of the lungs, larynx, mouth, and throat, esophagus, urinary bladder, kidney, pancreas, cervix, colon, rectum, liver, and stomach
• Exposure to sun and tanning

  • Skin cancer is the most common cancer in US
  • Melanoma is the deadliest kind of skin cancer
• Overweight and obesity


  • Associated with at least 13 types of cancer
  • Some examples are endometrial (Uterine) cancer, breast cancer in postmenopausal women, and colorectal cancer
• Excessive Alcohol use


  Increase the risk of cancer of the breast, liver, colon, rectum, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus
• Infectious disease


  • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancers
  • Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C viruses are related to liver cancer causes
• Diabetes and prediabetes


  • 37.3 million Americans are living with diabetes
  • 96 million US adults have prediabetes
  • 1 in 4 US adults with diabetes don't know they have it
  • Higher risk of heart disease, stroke, and other serious complications
• Prediabetes


  May lead to type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stoke
• Overweight and lack of physical activity


  Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes
• Smoking


  May result to serious complications such as heart disease, kidney disease, infections, ulcers, and amputation
• Chronic Respiratory Diseases


  • A leading cause of death
  • High under-diagnosis rates
  • 90% of deaths occur in low-income countries
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)


  • Term used for lung disease that prevent proper lung airflow
  • Chronic bronchitis, emphysema
  • More than just "smoker's cough"
• Asthma


  • Recurrent attacks of "breathlessness and wheezing"
  • A gradient of severity
  • Can cause sleepiness, fatigue
  • Low fatality rates, but often underdiagnosed
  • 235 million people affected
• Risk factors prevention

  • Tobacco use
  • Poor Nutrition
  • Physical Inactivity
  • Excessive Alcohol Use
• Laws and policies

  • The Tobacco Regulation 2003 (Republic Act 9211)
  • The Sin Tax Reform Law (Republic Act 10351)
  • The Graphic Health Warnings Law (Republic Act 10643)
  • Department of Education Department Order No. 33s 2003
  • Executive Order No. 26 s. 2017 Barangay Nutrition Scholar (BNS) Program
  • PPAN strategy for human resource development for recruitment, training, deployment., and supervision of volunteer workers or BNS
  • PD 1569: mandates the deployment of BNS in every brgy to monitor the nutritional status of children
• Infant and Young Child Feeding Program


  • Mission: Nurture and nourish mother and child; reduce stunting and all forms of malnutrition; create an enabling environment for optimal IYCF
• Policies under IYCF

  • AO no 2005-0014 National Policies on infant and Young Child Feeding
  • EO no. 51: The Milk Code
  • RA 7600: The Rooming-in Breastfeeding Act of 1992
• Micronutrient Supplementation Program

  • Micronutrient supplement – Provision of vitamins and minerals
  • Food fortification – add of essential micronutrients
  • Dietary diversification – proper food and nutrition
  • Growth monitoring and promotion – educ strategy for promoting child and development through measurement of physical growth and development
• Polices that are under Micronutrient Supplementation

  • RA 8172: ASIN Law
  • RA 8976: Food Fortification Law (Sangkap Pinoy Seal)
  • Micronutrient Powder Supplementation For Children 6-23 months
  • RA 10963: Tax Reform For Acceleration and inclusion (TRAIN) law
• RA 10963: Tax Reform For Acceleration and inclusion (TRAIN) law, Section 47: tax for sweetened beverages, January 1, 2018
• Belly Gud for Health: To promote and protect the health of the DOH personnel, Aim to attain a desirable waist circumference
• PSC-GAB-DOH Joint Administrative Order No. 2020-0001: Guidelines on the Conduct of Health – Enhancing Physical Activities and Sport During the Covid-19 Pandemic, Provides guidance for the conduct of exercise, sports, and other forms of health enhancing physical activities during this Covid 19 pandemic
• 2020:Wais Magpapawis, Educational campaign that demonstrates simple home exercise to increase the public physical resilience to illness