systems physiology

• Size of the heart

  small size as a closed fist
• Location of the heart

  Mediastinum
• The heart rests at the


  Diaphragm
• ___ is the pointed end of the heart

  Apex
• ____ is the broad portion of the heart

  Base
• The heart is 2/3 mass points at the (left / right) body's midline

  left
• Apex of the heart is at the Anterior / Posterior and Inferior / Superior Left

  Anterior, Inferior
• Base of the heart is at the Posterior / Anterior, Superior / Inferior Right

  Posterior, Superior
• Fibrous connective tissue that encloses the heart, protects from trauma and infection

  Pericardium
• Outermost layer of pericardium

  Fibrous Pericardium
• Innermost layer of pericardium, serves as double layer of the heart

  Serous Pericardium
• "Epicardium"" adheres tightly in the heart"

  Visceral SP
• outermost later of SP, adheres in the fibrous pericardium

  Parietal SP
• fluid that decreases the friction in the heart between the visceral and parietal SP

  Pericardial Fluid
• Normal amount of Pericardial Fluid

  50 mL
• Decrease in PF results in swelling:

  (+) Pericardial friction rub = Pericarditis
• Increase in PF results in ___ that will cause cardiac arrest due to lack of oxygenated blood

  Cardiac Tamponade
• Surfaces of the heart

  Anterior (Sternocostal Surface), Posterior (Base Surface), Inferior (Diaphragmatic Surface)
• Receiving chamber of the heart

  Atrias
• Anterior wall of atria are rough due to the presence of

  Pectinate muscle
• Oval depression


  Interatrial Septum
• Pumping chambers of the heart

  Ventricles
• Ridges of cardiac muscle fibers

  Trabeculae Carnae
• Cone shape structure of trabeculae carnae

  Papillary Muscle
• Inlet


  Atrioventricular Valves (AV Vales)
• 2 inlets


  Tricuspid (right) Bicuspid / Mitral (left)
• Outlet


  Semilunar Valve (SL Valve)
• 2 oulets


  Pulmonic valve (right) Aortic valve (left)
• Blood flow inside heart (Deoxygenated Blood)

  Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava > RA > Tricuspid valve > RV > Pulmonic valve > Pulmonary Artery > LUNGS = gas exchange
• Blood flow inside heart (Oxygenated Blood) FROM THE LUNGS

  Pulmonary Vein > Left Atrium > Bicuspid > Left Ventricle > Aortic Valve > Aorta > System
• "Lubb", audible via stethoscope. Longer, louder, lower in pitch.

  S1
• During S1, the __ Valves closes

  AV Valves (Inlet)
• "dubb", shorter

  S2
• During S2, the __ valves closes

  SL valves (outlet)
• rapid filling of the ventricles

  S3
• Congestive heart failure = ___________ gallop

  Ventricular Gallop
• Atrial systole

  S4
• Myocardial Infarction

  Heart attack
• Hypertension

  Atrial gallop
• 2 great controlling centers of the heart

  ANS and Conducting System