Semantics Finals Part 4

• It describes RELATIONSHIPS between the MEANINGS OF WORDS and is one way to UNDERSTAND WORD MEANINGS

  Lexical Relations
• Two or more words have the SAME FORM, but have UNRELATED MEANING

  Homonymy
• Words that SOUNDS ALIKE but have DIFFERENT MEANINGS

  Homophones
• Meat (flesh of an animal) and Meet (to come together) are an example of what?

  Homophones
• SAME SPELLING, different pronunciation, DIFFERENT MEANING

  Homograph
• Bow (weapon) and Bow (putting one's head down) are examples of what?

  Homograph
• Flower (part of a plant that blossoms) and Flour (used for baking) are examples of what?

  Homophones
• Has MORE THAN ONE MEANING OR RELATED SENSE

  Polysemy
• Dish (plate) and Dish (mean) are examples of what?

  Polysemy
• Bat (flying mammal) and Bat (used in baseball) are examples of what?

  Polysemy
• Left (direction) and Left (past tense of leave) are examples of what?

  Polysemy
• Word has ONLY ONE MEANING

  Monosemy
• A monosemous words may ___ meaning over a variety of distinct interpretations/readings

  Generalize
• Ex: Cousin could mean (1) son of father's sister, (2) son of father's brother, (3) daughter of mother's brother, and so on. Cousin therefore is considered to have single meanings. These are examples of what?

  Monosemy
• A FIGURE OF SPEECH that DESCRIBES an object or action in a way that ISN'T LITERALLY TRUE, but helps explain an idea or MAKE A COMPARISON

  Metaphor
• "The exam was a piece of cake" and "She is an angel" are examples of what?

  Metaphor
• A word or symbol USED TO REPRESENT LARGER CONCEPT or idea to which it is closely related

  Metonymy
• It is also known as CHANGE OF NAME

  Metonymy
• "We will swear loyalty to the CROWN" (king/queen) and Can you give me a HAND (help) in carrying this box?" are examples of what?

  Metonymy
• Unrelated Meaning - ___

  Related Meaning/Sense - ___

  Several Meaning - ___

  Single Meaning - ___

  Figurative - ___

  Literal - ___

  Homonymy, Polysemy, Polysemy, Monosemy, Metaphor, and Metonymy
• COMPARES two identities DIRECTLY

  Metaphors
• MORE LITERAL

  Metonymy
• If A is related to B in certain way, and B is related to C in the same way, then A is also related to C in that manner

  Principle of Transitivity/Transitive Relation
• Types of Inclusion Relationships


  (1) Class Inclusion, (2) Part-Whole Inclusion or Meronymic Inclusion, and (3) Topological, Locative, and Temporal Inclusion
• "is-a", "is-a-type-of", or "subset" relationship between two entity types of classes where one is contained in and this MORE SPECIFIC THAN THE OTHER MORE GENERIC ONE

  Class Inclusion
• Examples:

  Oak - is a type of - tree

  BMW - is a - car

  Golden Retriever - is a type of - dog

  Class Inclusion
• A SET OF INTERCONNECTED CLASS INCLUSION relationships create a hierarchy, which is often called a ___

  Taxonomy
• Uses "is-PART-of", "is-PARTLY", or woth similar predicate expressions

  Meronymic Inclusion
• Examples:

  The engine - is a part of - the car

  The book - is part of - the library

  Wine - is partly - alcohol

  Meronymic Inclusion
• Inclusion relationship between a CONTAINER, AREA, OR TEMPORAL DURATION and what it surrounds or contains. It is often expressed in "is-in" relationship

  Topological, Locative, and Temporal Inclusion
• It states that things are LINKED TOGETHER in systems through different kinds of relationship

  Principle of Inclusion
• It's about understanding how everything FITS TOGETHER IN A SYSTEM, making it easier to see the connections between different parts

  Principle of Inclusion
• 3 Categories of Synonymy

  Lexical, Phrasal, Sense
• CO-OCCURRENCE PATTERNS of words or phrases within a language, specifically in relation to their semantic compatibility

  Collocation
• It involves the tendency of certain words to APPEAR TOGETHER FREQUENTLY and the restrictions on which WORDS CAN OCCUR TOGETHER in specific context

  Collocation
• 1. "Strong Coffee" where the adjective describes the taste or aroma of the coffee
  2. "Café Noir" where it describes the blackness of the coffee

  These are the examples of what?

  Collocation
• Words that takes them ANTONYMS OF THEMSELVES

  Autoantonym
• Other terms for autonantonyms 


  Antagonyms, Contranyms, and Janus Words
• Hôte/Hôtesse - pertains to a host or guest

  Louer - refers to tenant or owner

  Apprendre - Act of Learning or Act of Teaching

  These are examples of what?

  Autoantonyms
• Opposites that are MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, where it demonstrates how opposing terms are DEPENDENT ON ONE ANOTHER

  Converse Pair