Musculoskeletal AOS 1

• Functions of the Skeletal System


  • Support
  • Protection
  • Assisting in movement
  • Storage of minerals
  • Production of blood cells
• Protection


  • Bones protect your vital organs to reduce the chance of damaging them
  • E.g. How the skull protects the brain
• Storage of Minerals


  • Many minerals are stored in the bone tissue
  • Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium
  • The bone releases these minerals into the bloodstream when required
• Production of blood cells


  • Bones are responsible for producing new blood cells
  • Long bones contain bone marrow which produces all the new red blood cells and sometimes white blood cells as well
• Types of Bones


  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones
  • Sesamoid Bones
• Long Bones


  • Characterized by their long elongated shape and have a shaft with 2 ends
  • Femur, Humerus, Radius, Fibula
• Short Bones


  • Roughly cube shaped and provide stability and support with limited movement
  • Carpals, tarsals
• Flat Bones


  • Thin, flat, and often curved
  • Provide protection and serve as sites for muscle attachment
  • Scapula
• Irregular Bones


  • Have complex shapes and do not fit in other categories
  • Fulfill specialized functions
  • Vertebrae
• Sesamoid Bones


  • Small, round bones embedded with tendons, providing protection and improving mechanical efficiency
  • Patella
• Superior


  Closer to top of the body
• Inferior


  Closer to bottom of the body
• Anterior


  Towards the front of the body
• Posterior


  Towards the back of the body
• Medial


  Towards the midline of the body
• Lateral


  Away from the midline of the body
• Proximal


  Body part is closer to attachment point
• Distal


  Further away from attachment point
• Superficial


  Closer to surface of the body
• Deep


  Internal or further away from surface of the body
• Joints


  Where 2 bones meet
• Main classifications of joints


  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
• Fibrous joints


  • Offer no movement
  • Tough fibers join these bones together
  • Zigzag lines of the skull
• Cartilaginous joints


  • Cartilage joins these bones together
  • Cartilage is not as flexible as ligaments therefore movement is restricted
  • Vertebral column or where the ribs join the sternum
• Synovial joints


  • Freely moving
  • The most common type of joint
  • Six types of synovial joints
  • Cartilage at the end of bones
  • Ligaments secure the bone in place
  • Enclosed by a joint capsule
  • Synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid
• Types of synovial joints


  • Ball and socket
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Gliding
  • Saddle
  • Condyloid
• Ball and socket joint


  • Allows a wide range of movement
  • Sideways, backwards, forwards, rotation
  • Hip, Shoulder
• Hinge joint


  • Allows movement in only 1 direction
  • Backwards and forwards
  • Knee, elbow
• Pivot joint


  • Where one bone rotates about another
  • Atlas/axis in the neck
  • Radius and ulna in forearm
• Gliding joint


  • Only gliding or sliding movements
  • Side, back, forward
  • Carpals, tarsals
• Saddle joint


  • Allows movement in 2 directions
  • Side, back, forward
  • Thumb
• Condyloid joint


  • Movement in 2 directions
  • Back, forward, side
  • Wrist
• Connective tissue


  • Cartilage
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
• Cartilage


  • Smooth and slightly elastic
  • Hyaline - coats the ends of the bones in synovial joints
  • Discs of cartilage separate the vertebrae
  • Ribs attach to sternum via cartilage
  • The hard part of the ear and tip of the nose are cartilage
• Tendons


  • Inelastic and very strong
  • Attach muscles to bones across a joint
  • When muscles contract, they pull one bone towards another and movement occurs
• Ligaments


  • Ligaments also cross a joint
  • Ligaments = bone to bone
• Functions of the Muscular System


  • Movement
  • Posture
  • Essential Bodily Functions
• Essential Bodily Functions


  Digestion, heat production, cardiovascular, respiratory functions
• Types of Muscles


  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac (heart)
  • Smooth
• Skeletal Muscles


  • Muscles that allow for movement (voluntary)