Anxiety

• Biological Contributors for Generalized Anxiety


  5-HT/NE/GABA insufficiencies
• Stein et al. (2007)


  No impact of childhood abuse on anxiety sensitivity
• Murphy et al. (2012)


  No link between the serotonin transponder affecting amygdala function
• Fox et al. (2015)


  Abnormalities in serotonin or dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal-limbic-midbrain linkages pose a risk for anxious temperament and are heritable
• Panic Attacks


  Abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes

  • 11% general public
  • Early adulthood
  • Risks
  • Smoking, life stress, negative affectivity
• Two Factor Theory


  Anxiety reactions are developed through a combination of first classical, then active avoidance learning
• Panic Disorder


  Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks

  • At least one attack has been followed by 1 month of (one/both):
  • Persistent concern over more panic attacks
  • Significant maladaptive change in behavior
  • Info:
  • 2.7% general population
  • Genetic, Intense stress, CPA/CSA
• Agoraphobia


  Individual fears or avoids situations
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder



  Excessive anxiety and worry for at least 6 months:

  • 3 or more:
  • Restlessness
  • Easily fatigued
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Irritability
  • Muscle Tension
  • Sleep Disturbance
  • Info:
  • Genetic
• Specific Phobia


  Fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

  • Specify type (animal, situational, etc.)
  • Info:
  • Genetic
  • Conditioning
• Social Anxiety Disorder


  Fear or anxiety about social situations

  • Etiology:
  • Social trauma
• Separation Anxiety Disorder


  Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from attached individual

  • Etiology:
  • Life Stress
  • Genetic
• Selective Mutism

  
  

  Consistent failure to speak (1 month)
• Treatment of Panic Disorders


  CBT

  Medications

  • Benzodiazepines and Antidepressants
• Adjustment Disorders

  Development of emotional or behavioral symptoms within 3 months onset of stressor
• Prolonged Grief Disorder

  The death of a close individual 12 months prior resulting in persistent grief responses
• Acute Stress Disorder


  Exposure to actual/threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation (3 days – 1 month)

  • 9 or more symptoms:
  • Intrusion
  • Negative Mood
  • Dissociative
  • Avoidance
  • Arousal
• PTSD


  Exposure to actual/threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation (1 month +)

  • Treatment:
  • CBT
  • Psychotherapies
  • Medications
• Reactive Attachment Disorder


  Consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers

  • Etiology:
  • Serious neglect
• Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder


  Pattern of behavior where child actively approaches unfamiliar adults

  • Etiology:
  • Serious neglect
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder


  Presence of obsessions, compulsions or both

  • Obsessions:
  • Recurrent thoughts, urges, feelings
  • Compulsions:
  • Repetitive behaviors
  • Etiology:
  • Genetic
  • Prefrontal love activation
  • Treatment:
  • Therapy
  • Medications
• Hoarding Disorder


  Difficulty discarding possessions

  • Etiology:
  • Genetic
  • Treatment:
  • CBT
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder


  Preoccupation with flaws in physical appearance not observable by others

  • Etiology:
  • OCD involvement
  • Treatment:
  • Medications
  • CBT