Anatomy

• Anatomy


  Studying the structure of the body and the interrelationships of these body structures
• Alexandria


  275 BC
• History of Anatomy

  1. Knowledge of Greek anatomy transferred to Western Europe

  2. Islamic scholars translate Greek anatomical treatises into Arabic

  3. Galen translates from Arabic into Latin, later from the Greek originals
• First European medical school founded at Salerno, Italy; human bodies are publicly dissected

  1235
• Anatomical theater opens in Padua, Italy

  1490
• First illustrated printed medical book published in Venice, Johannes de Ketham, Fasciculus medicinae

  1491
• 1600-1900 Anatomy plays an important role in medical education and research
• Cadavers for dissection


  Procurement, treatment and storage
• Divisions of Anatomy

  • Gross Anatomy
  • Histology
  • Developmental anatomy
• Gross Anatomy


  Macroscopic structural study
• Histology


  Microscopic structural study
• Developmental anatomy

  Development of body structures
• Approaches to studying Anatomy

  • Regional Anatomy
  • Systemic Anatomy
  • Surface Anatomy
  • Clinical Anatomy
• Regional Anatomy


  Based on body regions
• Systemic Anatomy


  Based on body systems
• Surface Anatomy


  Emphasizes clinical application of anatomical knowledge
• Clinical Anatomy


  Emphasizes clinical application of anatomical knowledge
• Anatomical Terminology


  Anatomy has its own vocabulary/terms i.e anatomical nomenclature
• Anatomical Terms


  • Thorax-chest
  • Axilla-armpit
  • Carpal-wrist
  • Brachial-arm
  • Gluteal-buttocks
  • Crural-leg (front side)
  • Tarsal-ankle
  • Eponyms-e.g Adam's apple, Eustachian tube, Sertoli cells
• Word Root


  Foundation or core, conveys fundamental meaning
• Prefix


  Attached to the beginning, influences the meaning
• Suffix


  Attached to the end of a word root, alters or modifies the meaning
• Anatomical Position


  A body position as if the person were standing upright with: Head, eye and toe directed forward; Arms adjacent to sides with palms facing forward; Lower limbs close together with feet parallel and toes directed forward
• Anatomical Planes


  • Median Plane
  • Sagittal Plane
  • Coronal (Frontal) Plane
  • Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

  
• Median Plane


  Vertical plane longitudinal through the body/body part dividing it into left and right halves
• Sagittal Plane


  Vertical plane parallel to median plane
• Coronal (Frontal) Plane


  Vertical plane (90° to median plane) through the body/body part dividing it into front and back
• Transverse (Horizontal) Plane


  Horizontal plane through the body/body part dividing it into upper and lower segments
• Terms of Relationship, Comparison and Laterality


  • Superficial, Intermediate and Deep
  • Proximal and Distal
  • Medial and Lateral
  • Posterior (Dorsal) and Anterior (Ventral)
  • Inferior (Caudal) and Superior (Cranial)
  • Bilateral and Unilateral
  • Ipsilateral and Contralateral
• Superficial, Intermediate and Deep

  Relative positions of body structures

  
• Proximal and Distal


  Relative positions of body structures

  
• Medial and Lateral


  Relative positions of body structures

  
• Posterior (Dorsal) and Anterior (Ventral)


  Relative positions of body structures
• Inferior (Caudal) and Superior (Cranial)


  Relative positions of body structures

  
• Bilateral and Unilateral


  Relative positions of body structures

  
• Ipsilateral and Contralateral


  Relative positions of body structures

  
• Movements


  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Hyperextension
  • Pronation
  • Supination
  • Inversion
  • Eversion
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantarflexion
  • Retraction
  • Protraction
  • Elevation
  • Depression
  • Rotation
  • Circumduction
  • Internal rotation
  • External rotation
  • Radial Deviation
  • Ulnar Deviation
  • Opposition
• Flexion


  Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones
• Extension


  Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones
• Hyperextension


  Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position