past 4.0

• Healthy epithelial cells of the ectocervix appear 

  1. In a variety of shapes and colors. There is no single “shape” of normal ectocervical cells. 
  2. Cuboidal or spherical with darkly-staining cytoplasm and large or irregular nuclei 
  3. Tightly clustered into balls of cells, sticking together 
  4. Tall and narrow, essentially columnar cells, with large nuclei and obvious heterochromatin 
  5. Flat and wide, with lightly staining cytoplasm and small, densely-staining nuclei

  E
• Follicles or cysts are most often found in the — of the hypothalamus and pituitary. 

  1. Infundibulum 
  2. Pars distalis 
  3. Pars tuberalis 
  4. Pars intermedia 
  5. Pars nervosa

  D
• Corpora arenacea form in the —. 

  1. Neurohypophysis 
  2. Adrenal medulla 
  3. Thyroid 
  4. Ovary 
  5. Pineal 

  E
• The basal compartment of seminiferous tubules contains —. 

  1. Leydig cells 
  2. Spermatogonia 
  3. Spermatozoa 
  4. Spermatocytes 
  5. Spermatids

  B
• When these tubes are cut in cross-section, efferent ductules and the vas deferens both have epithelial linings which: 

  1. Are composed of Sertoli cells 
  2. Are composed of a stratified columnar epithelium 
  3. Secrete steroid hormones 
  4. Are simple cuboidal epithelia with glandular goblet cells 
  5. Have a folded or uneven height appearance on their apical surfaces

  E
• Aqueous humor is secreted into the anterior cavity by cells of the —. 

  1. Ciliary processes 
  2. Inner limiting membrane of the retina 
  3. Canal of Schlemm 
  4. Subcapsular epithelium of the lens 
  5. Fovea

  A
• After leaving the seminiferous tubule, spermatozoa travel next through the —. 

  1. Straight tubules 
  2. Epididymis 
  3. Rete testis 
  4. Hilar drainage 
  5. Efferent ductules

  A
• Three layers of smooth muscle surround the —. 

  1. Epididymis 
  2. Seminiferous tubules 
  3. Straight tubules 
  4. Vas deferens 
  5. Efferent ductules

  D
• Within the testis, most of the testicular volume is occupied by —. 

  1. The mediastinum 
  2. Seminiferous tubules 
  3. Noncellular interstitial tissue 
  4. Leydig cells 
  5. The epididymis

  B
• In the male reproductive tract, cilia, stereocilia or microvilli are present on at least some (if not all) epithelial cells lining each of the following tubes/ducts, EXCEPT for the —. 

  1. Straight tubules 
  2. Efferent ductules 
  3. Seminiferous tubules 
  4. Vas deferens 
  5. More than one answer is correct

  E
• The innermost (i.e. closest to the oocyte) layers of a pre-ovulatory ovarian follicle wall are composed of —. 

  1. Granulosa cells
  2. Sertoli cells 
  3. Smooth muscle 
  4. Leydig cells 
  5. Thecal cells

  A
• Which of the following correctly pairs a cell type with the hormone it secretes? 

  1. Zona glomerulosa cells, androgens and estrogens 
  2. Pituitary acidophils, vasopressin 
  3. Granulosa and theca cells, estradiol 
  4. Pituitary basophils, prolactin 
  5. Pinealocytes, calcitonin

  C
• In the zona fasciculata, the endocrine cells are 

  1. Notable for their lightly-staining cytoplasm caused by their high lipid content, which may get extracted during histological preparation 
  2. Really small in diameter and densely-packed, compared to other endocrine cells of the adrenal gland 
  3. Usually very strongly stained by hematoxylin, producing an almost black cytoplasm 
  4. Intermixed with chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla 
  5. Arranged in small circular cords

  A
• The stratum vasculare is located 

  1. Within the layers of the myometrium 
  2. In the adventitia surrounding the uterus 
  3. Within the perimetrium 
  4. Between the stratum basalis and stratum functionalis of the endometrium 
  5. Just beneath the germinal epithelium of the ovary

  A
• During normal female development, the ovaries lose all their oogonia: 

  1. Shortly after birth 
  2. About a decade after menopause 
  3. At puberty 
  4. Before birth 
  5. At menopause

  D
• Peg cells 

  1. Are ciliated cells which propel gametes along the genital duct 
  2. Are steroid-producing cells of the corpus luteum 
  3. Are diagnostic of cervical cancer 
  4. Are found in the fallopian tube epithelium 
  5. Are most abundant in the tail of the epididymis

  D
• Rathke’s pouch is the embryonic structure which migrates to become the —. 

  1. Posterior pituitary 
  2. Thyroid gland 
  3. Pineal gland 
  4. Anterior pituitary 
  5. Median eminence

  D
• Normally, during the last 14 days of the menstrual cycle, 

  1. Primary and secondary follicles are proliferating and growing in size 
  2. About 25 very large primordial follicles fill nearly the entire volume of the ovarian cortex 
  3. A single corpus luteum is present in the ovarian cortex
  4. Oogonia are starting cell division to create new primordial follicles 
  5. Progesterone secretion by the ovary is very low, almost non-existent

  C
• As secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis, the spermatocytes transform next into —. 

  1. Spermatids 
  2. Spermatozoa 
  3. Primary spermatocytes 
  4. Spermatogonia 
  5. Sperm cells

  A
• The canal of the Schlemm is located: 

  1. Within the optic disk 
  2. Between the iris and cornea 
  3. Between ciliary processes 
  4. Between the lens and the ciliary body 
  5. Between the iris and lens

  B
• Which of the following is NOT an accessory sex organ in the male reproductive system? 

  1. Epididymis 
  2. Vas deferens 
  3. Seminal vesicles 
  4. Prostate gland 
  5. None of the answers are good answers - all of these ARE male accessory sex organs

  E
• The outer fibrous tunic of the eye includes the —. 

  1. Optic nerve layer 
  2. Retina 
  3. Choroid 
  4. Sclera 
  5. Dura mater

  D
• The ovarian hilum is 

  1. The void created in the ovarian cortex after a corpus luteum degenerates 
  2. The loose connective tissue space enclosed within the walls of the mesovarium 
  3. The space within the follicular antrum as the antrum expands
  4. The dense fibrous stroma of the ovarian ligament 
  5. Is the layer of stromal cells dividing the ovarian cortex from the ovarian medulla

  B
• Uterine glands are straight and their lumen is relatively narrow, but the glands are growing longer and starting to coil, during — of the monthly menstrual cycle. 

  1. The proliferative phase 
  2. The secretory phase 
  3. Menses 
  4. The luteal phase 
  5. Menses and the secretory phase

  A
• In the parathyroid glands, how can chief cells be distinguished from oxyphils? 

  1. Chief cells are organized into hollow follicles, but oxyphils are not
  2. Chief cells are adipose cells, and look like adipose cells seen in other tissues 
  3. Chief cells are usually round, small and more closely packed together, with lightly staining cytoplasm, compared to oxyphils 
  4. Chief cells are much larger than oxyphils, and therefore the nuclei of adjacent chief cells are far apart from each other (whereas oxyphil nuclei are more densely packed together)

  C
• Most of the nuclei within the neurohypophysis belong to —. 

  1. Pituicytes 
  2. Thyrotropes 
  3. Hypothalamic neurons 
  4. Chromophobes 
  5. Lactotropes

  A
• Thyroid follicular cells secrete their proteinaceous product: 

  1. Into parafollicular cells 
  2. Into sinusoidal capillaries through the thyroidal parenchyma 
  3. Directly into blood capillaries 
  4. Into a follicular lumen 
  5. Into parathyroid glands

  C
• The “blood-testis barrier” is formed by —. 

  1. Leydig cells 
  2. Sertoli cells 
  3. Spermatogonia 
  4. Myoid cells 
  5. Epididymal basal cells

  B
• Crystallins are accumulated in the cytoplasm of —.

  1. Cells in the ciliary processes 
  2. Corneal epithelial cells 
  3. Cones and rods 
  4. Lens fibers 
  5. Melanocytes of the iris

  D
• In the female reproductive system, the visceral peritoneum wraps around each ovary to form the: 

  1. Follicular thecal cells 
  2. Follicular granulosa cells 
  3. Corpora atretica 
  4. Ovarian cortex 
  5. Germinal epithelium

  E
• Androgens are secreted mostly from the —. 

  1. Zona glomerulosa 
  2. Adrenal medulla 
  3. Chromaffin cells 
  4. Zona fasciculata 
  5. Zona reticularis

  E
• Within the testis, most of the testicular volume is occupied by —. 

  1. The mediastinum 
  2. Leydig cells 
  3. Non Cellular interstitial tissue 
  4. Seminiferous tubules 
  5. The epididymis

  D
• Retinal bipolar cells synapse with retinal ganglion cells in the —. 

  1. Outer plexiform layer 
  2. Pigmented epithelium 
  3. Optic nerve fiber layer 
  4. Photoreceptive layer 
  5. Inner plexiform layer

  E
• Which of the following is a primary sex organ? 

  1. Seminal vesicle 
  2. Prostate gland 
  3. Vas deferens 
  4. Epididymis 
  5. Testis

  E
• The epithelium of the — is folded longitudinally. 

  1. Seminiferous tubules 
  2. Efferent ductules 
  3. Epididymis 
  4. Vas deferens 
  5. Rete testis

  D
• The basal compartment in seminiferous tubules contains —. 

  1. Secondary spermatocytes only 
  2. Spermatids only 
  3. Primary and secondary spermatocytes 
  4. Spermatogonia only 
  5. Primary spermatocytes only

  D
• In the microscope, small “scalloping” invaginations visible along the margins of thyroidal colloid are evidence of —. 

  1. Hypothyroidism 
  2. Calcium phosphate accumulation 
  3. Endocytosis 
  4. Cancer 
  5. None of the above are correct.

  C
• The presence of highly-developed spiral arteries in the uterine wall indicate that an individual is in the — phase of the menstrual cycle. 

  1. Secretory 
  2. Follicular 
  3. Proliferative 
  4. Menses 
  5. None of these is correct

  A
• Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by basophils? 

  1. Thyroid stimulating hormone 
  2. Prolactin 
  3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
  4. Follicle stimulating hormone 
  5. Luteinizing hormone

  B
• The peritoneum forms which of the following structures? (MORE THAN ONE ANSWER IS CORRECT. MARK ALL THAT APPLY.) 

  1. Broad ligament 
  2. Germinal epithelium 
  3. Ectocervix 
  4. Mesovarium 
  5. Mesometrium

  A

  B

  D

  E