Psych

• Disinhibited attachment


  When a child is equally as friendly and affectionate towards people they've known and others they've just met (they accept cuddles from anyone)
• This is strange because of Schaffer and Emerson's stages of attachment, which showed that kids usually show stranger anxiety at the age of 2 years
• Those adopted 6 months of age displayed disinhibited attachment in Rutter's Romanian orphan study 2011
• Mental retardation/intellectual disability


  Measured by low IQ
• In Rutter's study, those who were adopted at the age of 6 months-2 years had an IQ of 86, whilst the ones who were adopted after 2 years had an average IQ of 77
• In comparison, those who were adopted before the age of 6 months had an IQ of 100 by the age of 11
• Normative Social Influence


  Conforming on the basis to be liked or fit in with a social group
• Asch's study


  • Participants conformed partly because they were afraid of being disapproved by the group
• Informative Social Influence


  Conforming on the basis of the desirability of being right or gain knowledge
• Sensory register


  Coding all 5 senses
• Sensory register


  1. Sound

  2. Half a second
• Short-term memory (STM)


  • Acoustically coded
  • Semantically coded
  • Duration: less than 18-30 seconds
• Long-term memory (LTM)


  • Stores meaningful info
  • Lifetime duration
  • Unlimited capacity
• HM (Henry Molaison) had his hippocampus removed to relieve epilepsy
• After surgery, HM thought it was 1953 and couldn't remember anything from the surgery
• HM's LTM was bad, but he performed well on tasks, showing STM and LTM are separate memory stores
• Majority of studies supporting the multi-store model have limitations due to using meaningless stimuli and lack of generalisability
• Case studies like HM support the idea of STM and LTM as separate stores
• Evidence suggests there are more than one STM store, such as a visual and an auditory store
• The multi-store model is an oversimplification of memory processes
• Capacity


  • Jacobs found mean digit span was 9 and mean letter span was 7
  • Capacity increases with age
• Miller's capacity


  • Capacity is 7 (+/- 2)
  • Can be improved by chunking
• Baddeley's study on word lists


  1. Acoustically similar words recalled better in immediate recall (STM)

  2. Semantically similar words recalled better in delayed recall (LTM)
• Peterson and Peterson 1959 study on trigrams

  Recall was good up to 3 seconds, but dropped to 10% after 18 seconds without rehearsal
• STM duration can stretch from 18-30 seconds without rehearsal
• Bahrick's study on yearbook photo recall


  • Recent school leavers had better photo recognition (90%)
  • Older participants had poorer free recall
• Clive Wearing suffered from amnesia that damaged his hippocampus
• Clive could still play the piano but couldn't remember his musical career or personal life details
• This supports the idea of multiple LTM stores (semantic, procedural, episodic)
• Central executive


  Allocates information to subsystems
• Subsystems


  • Phonological loop (phonological store, articulatory control system)
  • Visuo-spatial sketchpad (visual cache, inner scribe)
  • Episodic buffer
• Shallice and Warrington's case study on patient KF showed evidence of separate auditory and visual STM stores
• Case studies have limitations due to lack of control over extraneous variables
• Dual-task performance studies support the multi-component model
• Baddeley and Hitch 1977 study on rugby players showed retroactive interference effects
• McGeoch and McDonald 1931 study showed similarity of memories can cause retroactive interference