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• Information assurance


  A field that safeguards the integrity of data used by individuals or organizations
• Information assurance


  Protects and defend information and information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation of information and systems both digital and physical forms
• Information security


  The practice of preventing illicit access to private information
• Information security


  Focuses on the development and implementation of tools and techniques for keeping data safe (such as creating network security infrastructures)
• Information security


  To protect information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction
• Information Assurance


  Includes broader range of processes such as security audits, which play a vital role in enhancing confidence in the information
• Information Security


  To protect that data
• Information protection


  Primarily concerned with eliminating or reducing vulnerabilities and systems that mitigate risks
• BENEFITS OF INFORMATION PROTECTION AND INFORMATION ASSURANCE


  • Maintaining compliance with regulatory standards
  • Preventing costly security incidents
  • Ensures data integrity, usability, authenticity and preserving the confidence of customers, suppliers, partners, and shareholders
• Failure to protect sensitive information can result in fines issued by regulatory agencies or lawsuits from other companies or individuals should they suffer consequences as a result of their personal data being breached
• Availability


  Enables authorized users—persons or computer systems—to access information without interference or obstruction and to receive it in the required format
• Accuracy


  Information has accuracy when it is free from mistakes or errors and it has the value that the end user expects
• Authenticity


  The quality or state of being genuine or original, rather than a reproduction or fabrication
• To protect the confidentiality of information


  • Information classification
  • Secure document storage
  • Application of general security policies
  • Education of information custodians and end users
• Integrity


  Information has integrity when it is whole, complete, and uncorrupted
• Integrity


  The integrity of information is threatened when the information is exposed to corruption, damage, destruction, or other disruption of its authentic state
• For this reason, a key method for detecting a virus or worm is to look for changes in file integrity as shown by the size of the file
• Utility


  The quality or state of having value for some purpose or end
• Possession


  The quality or state of ownership or control
• Software


  The software component of the IS comprises applications, operating systems, and assorted command utilities
• Software is perhaps the most difficult IS component to secure
• Hardware


  The physical technology that houses and executes the software, stores and transports the data, and provides interfaces for the entry and removal of information from the system
• The implementation of information security in an organization must begin somewhere and cannot happen overnight
• Bottom-up Approach


  Security can begin as a grass-roots effort when systems administrators attempt to improve the security of their systems
• The bottom-up approach seldom works, as it lacks a number of critical features, such as participant support and organizational staying power
• Top-down Approach


  The project is initiated by upper management who issue policy, procedures and processes, dictate the goals and expected outcomes of the project, and determine who is accountable for each of the required actions
• The most successful top-down approach also involves a formal development strategy referred to as a systems development life cycle
• Systems development life cycle (SDLC)


  A methodology for the design and implementation of an information system
• Using a methodology ensures a rigorous process with a clearly defined goal and increases the probability of success
• Waterfall model


  Illustrates that each phase begins with the results and information gained from the previous phase
• Investigation


  1. What problem is the system being developed to solve?

  2. The investigation phase begins with an examination of the event or plan that initiates the process

  3. During the investigation phase, the objectives, constraints, and scope of the project are specified

  4. A preliminary cost-benefit analysis evaluates the perceived benefits and the appropriate levels of cost for those benefits
• Analysis


  1. The analysis phase begins with the information gained during the investigation phase

  2. This phase consists primarily of assessments of the organization, its current systems, and its capability to support the proposed systems

  3. Analysts begin by determining what the new system is expected to do and how it will interact with existing systems

  4. This phase ends with the documentation of the findings and an update of the feasibility analysis
• Logical Design


  1. In the logical design phase, the information gained from the analysis phase is used to begin creating a systems solution for a business problem

  2. Based on the business need, applications are selected to provide needed services, and then data support and structures capable of providing the needed inputs are chosen

  3. Finally, based on all of the above, specific technologies to implement the physical solution are delineated
• Physical Design


  1. During the physical design phase, specific technologies are selected to support the alternatives identified and evaluated in the logical design

  2. The selected components are evaluated based on a make-or-buy decision (develop the components in-house or purchase them from a vendor)

  3. Final designs integrate various components and technologies
• Implementation


  1. In the implementation phase, any needed software is created

  2. Components are ordered, received, and tested

  3. Afterward, users are trained and supporting documentation created

  4. Once all components are tested individually, they are installed and tested as a system

  5. Again, a feasibility analysis is prepared, and the sponsors are then presented with the system for a performance review and acceptance test
• Maintenance and Change


  1. The maintenance and change phase is the longest and most expensive phase of the process

  2. This phase consists of the tasks necessary to support and modify the system for the remainder of its useful life cycle

  3. Even though formal development may conclude during this phase, the life cycle of the project continues until it is determined that the process should begin again from the investigation phase

  4. When the current system can no longer support the changed mission of the organization, the project is terminated and a new project is implemented
• How has computer security evolved into modern information security?
• Using the Web, find out more about Kevin Mitnick. What did he do? Who caught him? Write a short summary of his activities and explain why he is infamous.
• Why is a methodology important in the implementation of information security? How does a methodology improve the process?
• Which members of an organization are involved in the security system development life cycle? Who leads the process?