1 ISBB

• Immunology

  Study of immune system (prevents the establishment of infection in the body)
• Serology


  Study of antigen-antibody reactions
• Samples used in serological test

  • Serum
  • CSF
  • Urine
  • Stool
• Serum


  Non-cellular component of the blood
• When to use serology

  • Unable to culture infectious agent
  • Confirmation of etiologic ID of the specimens
  • Diagnosis of immunologically-related disorders
  • Determine immune status
• Antigen


  Foreign substances that stimulate the immune system
• Antibodies


  Major substances produced by the immune system that will block harmful antigen
• Functions of antibodies

  • Cell toxicity
  • Neutralization
  • Opsonization
• Agglutination

  Clumping of reactants in serological test
• Precipitation

  Liquid form or formation of sediments in the mixture
• If performing a serological test, there should be an optimum ratio (Ag - Ab) of antigen and antibody, known as the "Zone of Equivalence"
• Different serological tests

  • VDRL
  • ELISA
  • Rapid Plasma Reagin
  • Fluorescent Immunoassay
  • Radioimmunoassay
• VDRL

  Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test, only used for screening for syphilis, uses heated serum, principle is flocculation
• ELISA

  Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, measures enzymatic reactions, uses enzymes as labels
• Rapid Plasma Reagin

  Only used for screening for syphilis, uses unheated serum, principle is flocculation
• Fluorescent Immunoassay

  Uses fluorescent compounds known as fluorophores or fluorochrome as labels
• Radioimmunoassay

  Uses radioactive substances as label
• Role of the immune system

  • Defending the body against infections
  • Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
  • Defending the body against the development of tumors
• Immunity

  • The condition of being resistant to infection
  • The recognition of foreign substances and subsequent production of antibodies to these substances
• Classifications of immunity

  • Innate or Natural Immunity
  • Acquired or Adaptive Immunity
• Natural immunity

  • Innate or non-adaptive or non-specific
  • Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions
  • Present at birth
• Acquired immunity

  Adaptive or specific - a reaction resulting from invasion of foreign substances
• Types of adaptive immunity

  • Active
  • Passive

  
• Active immunity

  • Natural Active
  • Artificial Active (Vaccine)
• Passive immunity

  • Natural Passive
  • Artificial Passive

  
• Characteristics of innate immunity

  • Mechanisms involved are non-specific
  • Mechanisms that pre-exist the invasion of foreign agents
  • Components are pre-formed
  • They are non-adaptive, has a standardized magnitude of response
  • Lacks immunologic memory

  
• Characteristics of adaptive immunity

  • Reinforcement
  • Inducibility
  • Specificity
  • Diversity
  • Memory
  • Specialization
  • Self-limitation
  • Discrimination

  
• Characteristics of humoral-mediated immunity

  • Mechanism: Antibody Mediated
  • Cell Type: B Lymphocytes
  • Mode of Action: Antibodies in serum
  • Purpose: Primary defense against bacterial infection

  
• Characteristics of cell-mediated immunity

  • Mechanism: Cell Mediated
  • Cell Type: T Lymphocytes
  • Mode of Action: Direct cell to cell contact or soluble products secreted by cells
  • Purpose: Defense against viral and fungal infections, intracellular organisms, tumor antigens, and graft rejection (for transplant patients)

  
• Blood banking

  • Collection, processing, typing and storage of whole blood and other blood products
  • Study of immunologic principles applied in blood group specific antigen and antibodies
  • Mechanism of blood typing and crossmatching, detection and measurement of antibody titers, screening of donors for blood donation, bleeding techniques, proper labeling, storing and disposal of blood emphasis on quality assurance
• Types of blood typing

  • Forward or Direct Typing
  • Reverse or Back Typing
• Forward or Direct Typing


  Detection of antigens on patients RBC using known commercial anti-sera
• Reverse or Back Typing


  Detection of antibodies in serum of patient
• Pose

  Primary defense against bacterial infection
• Defense


  Against viral and fungal infections, intracellular organisms, tumor antigens, and graft rejection (for transplant patients)
• Blood banking

  • Also known as Immunohematology
  • Refers to the collection, processing, typing and storage of whole blood and other blood products
  • Study of immunologic principles applied in blood group specific antigen and antibodies
  • It also deals with mechanism of blood typing and crossmatching, detection and measurement of antibody titers, screening of donors for blood donation, bleeding techniques, proper labeling, storing and disposal of blood emphasis on quality assurance
• Forward or Direct Typing


  Detection of antigens on patients RBC using known commercial anti- sera
• Reverse or Back Typing


  • Detection of antibodies in serum of patient with known commercial RBCs suspension
  • To check if the blood type of the forward is correct
• Purpose of blood donor screening

  • Ensure the safety of the donor
  • Ensure the safety of the recipient
• Types of blood donation

  • Allogeneic Donation
  • Directed Donation
  • Autologous Donation
  • Apheresis Donation