Art App

• Architecture- is the most functional of all art forms.
• Post and Lintel Construction- is the most basic structure to be developed in the beginnings of architecture.

  
• The longest history ever to be documented is that of the EGYPTIANS.
• Egyptians also built pylons and obelisks.

  
• The Greeks refined egyptian architecture and these innovations they made their own. The Greeks use of limestone for their pillars and walls, terra cotta tiles for roof and marble for ornamentations.
• The pillars which were thicker and colorful were made thinner and more formal by the greeks. This improvement resulted in pillars with better balance and proportion.
• The pillars with their decorative tops (capitals) were further improved into what now would identify greek architecture.
• The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian capitals became recognizable features of greek temples and public buildings.

  
• The Classical Style of Greek architecture were characterized by delicately fluted columns/pillars with shaped capitals (tops) supporting vertical lintels.
• The Parthenon is an example of classical greek architecture
• Another great innovation in architecture invented by the Greeks is the use of cement instead of mortar to piece stone together and hold it in place.
• Lime- is the secret component that binds sand, water, and clay together.
• The Parthenon- the temple of Athena, though now in ruins, is a structure that commemorates the glory of greek architecture.

  
• The engineering ingenuity of the Romans advanced civilization by leaps and bounds. Roman gave the world beautiful structures that can ever be conceived from the use of stone. Romans made use of varieties of stones for their structures.
• Stone Architecture- As civilization advanced, people realized that the structures they built should not only serve as shelter but should also be symbol of their;

  • power
  • prosperity
  • power
• Stone- is chosen material particularly for its strength and permanence.
• Adobe, limestone, and basalt are some stones that were used for their availability. Where stones are not available, they are quarried and transported either land or water.
• Egyptians used mud bricks, limestone, sandstone and granite in large quantities.
• Egyptian architecture is NOT focused on the small residential home artisans built for themselves BUT ON THE MASSIVE, MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES THEY BUILT FOR THEIR BELIEF IN THEIR GODS AND KING.
• Mastabas- early tombs of the pharaohs (were found not secured and majestic enough, the first stone structure in the form of a step pyramid was engineered by Imhotep for the Pharaoh Djoser at Saqqara.
• The rock cut shrine of Ramses ll at Abu Simbel could still be seen today. At the rock face are colossal statues of Ramses himself (65 feet tall) followes by a flat background. This is what will be seen as the entrance to the temple.
• Romas used varieties of limestone, red granite, marble of all colors, basalt and tufo to name a few.
• Romans improved the components of cement by using ground volcanic lava instead of clay. This improvement was said to be the strongest mortar before the development of Portland Cement.
• Roman builders would also add small fragments of volcanic rubble bto their cement which resultef in concrete. This innovation led to the construction initially of arches and aqueducts.
• Arch- which was a roman invention had shown greater capabilities when compared to the lintel.
• vousoirs- smaller units of wedged stones. are combined to form and hold together the whole structure.
• the keystone- is the last center stone, when put in place completed the arch.
• Arches-can support roofs and serge as actual or symbolic passageways.
• Vault- is an extented arch.
• The barrel vault or the tunnel is constructed by placing arches behind each other until a desired depth is reched.
• Tunnels had been used for many purposes over the course of human history and tunnels are still used up to today.
• Groin Vault- an innovation of the barrel vault is the groin vault which overcame the weakness and limitation of the barrel vault.
• The groun vault is constructed by placing barrel vaults at right angles to cover a square space called a BAY.
• Dome- is an extension of the principle of the arch. rounded and hemispherical, the done is capable of enclosing the vast areas.
• Pantheon and The Dome of St. Peter’s Basilica are some of the most impressive domes in Rome

  
• Wood- is an architectural material that had shown a lot of promise in the co of beautiful and practical structures.
• two types of wood

  • hard wood
  • soft wood
• Hard wood- (angiosperms) prod by trees with covered seeds.
• examples of hard wood

  • ash
  • balsa
  • beech
  • chestnut
  • mahogany
  • maple
  • hickory
  • oak
• Soft woods- (gymnosperms) and have uncovered seeds.