pe

• Types of bones


  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
• Long bones

  • Create leverage
  • Generate speed, force and power
• Long bones


  • Femur, humerus and ulna
• Short bones


  • Specialist for fine movements
  • Important for balance
• Short bones


  • Carpals in the wrists, tarsals of the feet
• Flat bones


  • Large surface area
  • Protect organs
• Flat bones


  • Pelvis, cranium
• Irregular bones


  • Different shapes related to their role in the body
  • Specially shaped to suit
• Irregular bones


  • Patella
• Functions of the skeleton


  • Support
  • Structural shapes and attachment
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell production
• Muscles of the body


  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Pectorals
  • Deltoid
  • Biceps
  • Triceps
  • Rotator cuffs
  • Abdominals
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Intercostals
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Gastrocnemius
• Sternocleidomastoid


  Helps with the breathing process
• Deltoid


  • Abduction of the outward arm
  • Shoulder hinge action in sporting activities like jumping jacks
• Rotator cuffs


  • A group of stabilising muscles of the shoulder which help to prevent dislocation and allows the shoulder to rotate the humerus around its own axis
• Pectorals


  • Adduction of the arms towards the body (moving the arms forward in front of the body)
• Intercostals


  • Assist with the breathing process
• Triceps


  • Extend elbow (straightening arm)
• Biceps


  • Flex elbow (bending arm)
• Abdominals


  • Flex trunk (performing a sit-up)
• Latissimus dorsi


  • Shoulder adduction (butterfly stroke in swimming)
• Quadriceps


  • Extend the knee (straighten leg)
• Hamstrings


  • Flex the knee (bending leg)
• Gastrocnemius


  • Plantar flexion of the ankle (pointing the toes downwards)
• Tibialis anterior


  • Dorsiflexion of the ankle (bringing the toes up towards the shin)
• Types of muscle contractions


  • Isotonic concentric
  • Isotonic eccentric
  • Isometric
• Isotonic concentric contraction


  Muscle shortens, origin and insertion move closer together, muscle becomes bigger
• Isotonic eccentric contraction


  Muscle lengthens whilst under tension, origin and insertion move further apart, provides control of movement on the downward phase
• Isometric contraction


  Muscle produces tension but stays the same length, occurs when body is fixed in one position under constant tension
• Parts of a synovial joint


  • Joint capsule
  • Synovial membrane
  • Cartilage
  • Tendon
  • Ligament
  • Synovial fluid
  • Bursae
• Joint capsule


  Encloses the joint and is lined with synovial membrane, keeps the synovial fluid around the joint
• Synovial membrane


  Lines the interior of the joint capsule, produces synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid


  Lubricates the joint, nourishes the cartilage, acts as a shock absorber between the bones
• Bursae


  Small sac-like structures filled with fluid, situated in joints to act as cushions and alleviate friction between bones, tendons and muscles
• Ligaments


  White fibrous elastic tissues that hold bones in place, provide stability, prevent over-movement and limit dislocation
• Cartilage


  Covers the ends of each bone surface at the joint, allows almost friction-free movement, acts as a shock absorber between bones
• Tendons


  Tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone, under stress when muscles pull on them
• Types of joint movements


  • Adduction
  • Abduction
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Rotation
  • Circumduction
  • Dorsiflexion
• Adduction


  Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
• Abduction


  Moving a body part away from the body
• Flexion


  Bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones or body parts