chap 15 fuels and crude oil

• natural gases is a natural fossil fuel usually made up of methane and other short chain alkanes.
• the combustion equation for methane is CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + H20 + heat (energy)
• crude oils can be separated through fractional distillation
• fractional distillation separates the different components of crude oil by boiling point, with lower boiling points being lighter fractions and higher boiling points heavier fractions
• petroleum is separated into petroleum gas, petrol, naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, lubricating oil, bitumen
• petroleum gas is used as cooking fuel or for heating
• naphtha is used as a solvent and feedstock for chemical reactions
• petrol is used as an automobile fuel
• kerosene is used as jet fuel, cooking, and heating
• diesel oil is used as a fuel for diesel engines
• lubricating oil is used as a lubricant
• bitumen is used as roofing material and road surfacing
• biofuels are fuels made from living organisms or their waste products
• bioethanol can be produced by fermentation of sugarcane juice
• bioethanol is considered more environmentally sustainable. when sugarcane grows, it takes in CO2 during photosynthesis. this offsets the CO2 produced when bioethanol is burnt.
• fractional distillation process

  crude oil is first heated up in a furnace to boil. the vapor is then passed into a fractioning column. the fractioning column is hottest at the top and cooler at the bottom. the vapor cools and condenses as it rises up the column. lighter hydrocarbons with lower boiling points are collected at the top while heavier hydrocarbons are collected at the bottom of the column.