Biology

• Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumalated lactic acid and remove it from the cells.
• What is metabolism? Metabolism is the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body.
• Chemical reactions are controlled by enzymes.
• Metabolism includes:        6 points "Lots of small glucose molecules are join together in reactions to form starch and celluloseFormation of Lipid molecules from one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids.Glucose combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids, which are then made into <span style=""background-co...
• How are plants adapted to carry out photosynthesis? Broad shape - Increases the surface area for light to fall onVeins running through the leaf - brings water to the cells to be used for photosynthesis, carries glucose away to other cells in the plantLeaves are very thin - so the diffusion distance for gases is short
• "Describe how they could prove that the bubbles contained oxygen?" Add a glowing splint to the test tube, if it relights oxygen is present.
• What is hydroponic farming? Where soil is replaced with a mineral solution meaning that plants will grow quickly
• What 5 subcellular structures does a prokaryotes have? Cell WallCell MembranePlasmids(DNA)CytoplasmFlagella(Cell movement)
• Prokaryotes are 0.2 - 2.0μm (micrometers)in length and Eukaryotes are 10 - 100μm (micrometers) in length
• Every order of magnitude is 10x greater than the one before.
• What 5 subcellular structures do an animal cell have? NucleusCytoplasmCell MembraneMitochondriaRibosomes
• What three sub cellular structures do plant cells have that animals cells don't? ChloroplastsPermanent vacuole(Filled with cell sap)Cell Wall
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• Whats the function of Cytoplasm? A liquid gel, where most chemical reactions take place.
• What's the function of the mitochondria? Where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell
• Cell wall's contains cellulose, strengthening the cell
• Whats the function of the cell membrane? Controls the movement of substances in or out.Eg... hormones, glucose etc...
• What is differentiation? Differention is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised
• Cells differentiate to become specialised.
• Sperm cells, nerve cells, and muscle cells may be specialised in animals to carry out a particular function.
• Root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells in plants may be specialised to carry out a particular function.
• Sperm cells are specialised for reproduction.
• Nerve cells are specialised for rapid signalling
• Muscle cells are specialised for contraction.
• Root hair cells are specialised for absorbing water and minerals.
• Phloem and Xylem cells are specialised for transporting substances.
• Xylem transports water and minerals, whereas phloem transports food
• How is a sperm cell adapted for its role? Give three points. It has lots of mitochondria to provide the energy for movementIt has a long tail, and a streamlined head to help it swim to the eggIt has digestive enzymes in its head to break through the wall of the egg
• How is a nerve cell adapted for its role? Give two points. "The axons are long(to cover more distance) Their ends connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body"
• How is a muscle cell adapted for its role? Give one point. They contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
• How is a root hair cell adapted for its role? Give three points. They have a big surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.They have many mitochondria that transfer the energy needed for the active transport of mineral ions into the root hair cells.They have a large permanant vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell.
• The cells that differentiate in mature animals are mainly used for repairing and replacing cells, such as skin and blood cells.
• Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage