Social Studies Review Q4

• How do we gain freedom?


  There should be a person or a leader who should be an instrument of change
• Republic


  A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch
• Nationalism


  Fighting for independence
• India and Pakistan (74 yrs free)
• Republic of India achieved independence when its constitution was approved on January 26, 1950
• Jawaharlal Nehru


  • Became the first prime minister of an independent India and served in office from 1947 until 1964
  • Friend of Mahatma Gandhi
• Indira Gandhi


  • First lady prime minister in India
  • Daughter of Nehru replaced his position
  • Became prime minister and served in office from 1966 until 1977, and again from 1980 to 1984
  • Known for her strict policies which helped India become one of the most powerful countries in South Asia
• Rajiv Gandhi


  • Son of Indira replaced her place in 1984-1989
  • His administration further strengthened the political and economic conditions of India
  • His government lessened the restrictions for potential businesses and promoted scientific knowledge and technology in the country
• Manmohan Singh


  • Became the first Sikh to be elected as Prime Minister of India, in 2004
  • His administration undertook several projects to improve health services, education, and livelihood
• Narendra Modi


  • He replaced Manmohan, in 2014
  • The current Prime Minister of the country
  • Modi implemented policies and projects aimed at improving infrastructure, health services, and sanitary conditions in India
  • His administration has also worked towards strengthening the ties between India and other countries
• Pakistan (77 yrs free) achieved independence when its constitution was approved on 14 August 1947
• India's independence also paved the way for the establishment of Pakistan in 1947
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah


  • Became the country's governor-general after India's independence 1947-1948
  • Was among those who actively campaigned for the independence of Pakistan from India
  • Believed that the Muslims in India will be excluded in the Hindu-dominated society of India
  • He sought the establishment of a separate Islamic state to allow Muslims in the region to live according to their faith
• Mohammed Ayub Khan


  • Seized power and imposed martial law in 1958
  • Khan removed corrupt officials and implemented programs for land redistribution and industrial development
• Awami League


  • A political party advocating for the independence of East Pakistan
  • They advocated for independence because the citizens of East Pakistan were not represented in the Pakistani government and West Pakistan benefitted more from the economic policies and programs of the government
• East Pakistan officially became an independent state known as Bangladesh
• Zulfikar Ali Bhutto


  • Was elected as prime minister, and he advocated socialist policies, as well as agrarian and educational reforms, in 1973
  • It was also under his administration that a new constitution of Pakistan was approved
  • He was later sentenced to death in 1979, based on charges that he was involved in the murder of his political opponents
• General Zia Ul-Haq


  • Dismantled the political party system and replaced it with an advisory council composed of academics, journalists, economists, and professionals from various fields
  • General Zia's death in 1988 resulted in the restoration of democratic governance to Pakistan
• Benazir Bhutto


  • She is the daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
  • Was elected in 1988 and became the first female prime minister of Pakistan
  • Removed from her position later in 1996
• Nawaz Sharif


  Replaced Benazir Bhutto as prime minister in 1997
• Burma (Myanmar) (77 yrs free) gained their independence on January 28, 1947
• Aung San


  • Father of Myanmar
  • Led a successful armed struggle against the British in Burma
  • Contributed to the weakening of British influence after the war. As a result, the British invited representatives from Burma to discuss its independence
  • Did not live to see the birth of a free Burma, as he was assassinated on July 19, 1947
• U Nu


  • Replaced Aung San
  • Became the first prime minister of independent Burma
  • His term was marked by internal conflict and armed rebellion from various Communist groups and ethnic minorities
• General Ne Win


  • Took advantage of the instability and launched a military coup d'état, in 1962
  • The Burmese constitution was suspended and a Revolutionary Council composed of military leaders and headed by Ne Win led the country
• Britain signed an agreement that would give Burma a constitution and its eventual independence. = No war or violence
• Malaysia (67 yrs free) gained their independence on August 31, 1957
• United Malays National Organization (UMNO)


  • Called for the independence of Malaya and the right of Malays to lead their country
  • Was established under the leadership of Onn bin Jafaar
• Singapore became one of the founding member-states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

  1967
• Manmohan Singh

  First Sikh to be elected as Prime Minister of India
• Decolonization is the abandonment of colonies, where they withdraw
• Colonization is the acquiring and establishing of a colony
• How do we gain freedom?


  There should be a person or a leader who should be an instrument of change
• Republic


  A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch
• Nationalism


  Fighting for independence
• India achieved independence when its constitution was approved on January 26


  1950
• Jawaharlal Nehru


  Became the first prime minister of an independent India and served in office from 1947 until 1964, friend of Mahatma Gandhi
• Indira Gandhi


  First lady prime minister in India, daughter of Nehru, became prime minister and served in office from 1966 until 1977, and again from 1980 to 1984, known for her strict policies which helped India become one of the most powerful countries in South Asia
• Rajiv Gandhi


  Son of Indira, replaced her place in 1984-1989, his administration further strengthened the political and economic conditions of India, lessened the restrictions for potential businesses and promoted scientific knowledge and technology in the country
• Manmohan Singh


  Became the first Sikh to be elected as Prime Minister of India in 2004, his administration undertook several projects to improve health services, education, and livelihood
• Narendra Modi


  The current Prime Minister of the country, implemented policies and projects aimed at improving infrastructure, health services, and sanitary conditions in India, has also worked towards strengthening the ties between India and other countries