Anatomy and physiology

• Histology

  The study of the structure and composition of tissue, also known as microscopic anatomy
• Anatomy

  The study of the structures of the human body and substances these structures are made of; the science of the interconnected detail of organisms or of their parts
• Physiology

  The study of the functions and activities performed by the body structures, including physical and chemical processes
• Cells are the basic unit of all living things
• As a basic functional unit, the cell is responsible for carrying on all life
• Nucleus


  The dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. It plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism
• Protoplasm

  A colorless jelly-like substance containing the nutrient material necessary for cell growth, reproduction and self-repair
• Mitochondria


  The mitochondria takes in nutrients and breaks them down to create energy for the cell
• Cell membrane

  The part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave
• Cell reproduction

  Provides new cells for the growth and replacement of worn or injured ones
• Mitosis

  The normal process of cell reproduction in human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells
• Favorable conditions for cell growth and reproduction


  • Adequate supply of nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Water
  • Suitable temperature
  • Ability to eliminate waste products
• Metabolism

  A chemical process that takes place in living organisms, converts nutrients to energy so the cell can function and eliminates waste
• Four types of tissues

  • Connective tissue - supports, protects and binds together other tissues of the body
  • Epithelial tissue - protective lining of the body and surfaces of organs
  • Muscle tissue - contracts and moves the various parts of the body
  • Nerve tissue - carries messages through the central nervous system to control and coordinate all bodily functions
• 11 major body systems


  • Circulatory - controls movement of blood throughout the body
  • Digestive - breaks down food into nutrients or waste for nutrition or excretion
  • Endocrine - controls hormone levels that determine growth, development, sexual function, and health of entire body
  • Excretory - eliminates waste from the body, reducing buildup of toxins
  • Integumentary - provides protective covering and regulates body temperature
  • Immune - protects the body from disease by developing immunity and destroying pathogens and toxins
  • Muscular - covers, shapes, and holds the skeleton in place; contracts and moves various parts of the body
  • Nervous - coordinates with all other body systems, allowing them to work efficiently and react to the environment, carries messages
  • Reproductive - produces offspring and allows for transfer of genetic material; differentiates between the sexes
  • Respiratory - makes blood and oxygen available to body structures through breathing, eliminates carbon dioxide
  • Skeletal - forms the physical foundation of the body, consists of bones that are connected by moveable and immovable joints
• Five accessory organs to the skin


  • Sensory receptors
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Glands
  • Sweat glands
• Skeletal system

  Forms the physical foundation of the body
• The adult skeleton has 206 bones
• Muscles


  Connected to bones by ligaments
• Joints


  The connection between two or more bones of the skeleton
• Types of joints


  • Movable
  • Immovable
• Functions of the skeletal system


  1. Give shape and support to the body

  2. Protect various internal structures and organs

  3. Serve as attachments for muscles and help produce body movement

  4. Help produce white and red blood cells

  5. Store most of the body's calcium supply as well as phosphorus, magnesium and sodium
• Skull


  Divided into two parts: the Cranium and the facial bones
• Neck


  Main bones include the Hyoid bones which supports the tongue and its muscles, and the Cervical Vertebrae - the seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column
• Muscular system

  • Covers, shapes and supports skeletal tissue
  • Contracts and moves various parts of the body
• Importance of knowledge of muscular system for estheticians

  • Esthetic massage involves manipulating the muscles of the face, neck, shoulder, arms and hands
  • Many treatments using electrical modalities involve an understanding of the muscles movements in order to achieve the desired result
• The body has more than 630 muscles, which account for approximately 40 percent of its weight
• Types of muscle tissue


  • Skeletal (voluntary) muscles
  • Smooth (involuntary) muscles
  • Cardiac muscle
• Skeletal muscle


  • Origin (fixed part closest to skeleton, remains stationary)
  • Belly (middle of the muscle)
  • Insertion (movable attachment farthest from skeleton)
• Pressure in massage

  Usually directed from the insertion to the origin
• Treatments that can positively influence muscular tissue


  • Massage
  • Electrical therapy (current)
  • Light rays
  • Dry heat
  • Moist heat
• The word integument means a natural covering.
• A)Occipital Bone B)Parietal Bone C)Frontal Bone D)Sphenoid Bone E)Ethmoid Bone F)Temporal Bone

  
• Humerus


  Uppermost and largest bone of the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder
• Ulna


  Inner and larger bone of the forearm (lower arm), attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger
• Radius


  Smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb
• Carpus


  Flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments
• Metacarpus


  Consists of five long, slender bones called metacarpal bones
• Phalanges

  Bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones
• The skull is divided into two parts: the cranium and the face.