MIL LESSON 7

• There are two sides of the internet: one that is positive and helpful; and the other is negative and unhealthy.
• Ethics


  Defines how individuals prefer to interact with one another, related to the moral obligation of knowing what is right and wrong that guides people to choose what is accepted over unaccepted, and to do what needs to be done and what is just.
• Law


  A set of universally accepted rules, accepted and enforced within a certain territory or entity.
• Unlike with laws, people cannot be compelled to follow or subscribe to all ethical behaviors, hence cannot be enforced. Not all things legal are ethical, and vice versa.
• Both laws and ethics are important aspects to sustain a stable and harmonious society, applicable to all walks of life and professions.
• Copyright


  The exclusive legal right of an IP owner to reproduce, sell, or distribute a material that he/she has created.
• Key principles that form the foundation of copyright around the world


  • Exclusivity
  • No formalities for establishment
  • Contractual Freedom
  • Remuneration
  • Territoriality
  • Enforcement
• Copyright is automatically given to an IP owner upon the conception of his/her own work. Because of BERNE convention (1886), this copyright is recognized even in international territories or in countries that signed the said convention.
• Ways a copyright owner can choose to create a proof of originality to preserve his/her interest


  1. Depositing a copy of work with his/her lawyer(s) or in a depository

  2. Sending a copy of work to himself/herself by post, leaving the envelope unopened so that the date stamp and the unopened work could establish the date of the work's existence

  3. Making a declaration before a Commissioner of Oaths, stating the facts of ownership and the date of creation
• According to the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS), if the IP is created by an employee pursuant to the terms of his/her employer, the employer owns the copyright of the work. Moreover, if the IP is commissioned by another person or group, the commissioner owns the copyright of the work.
• Normally, the creator is the owner of its copyright. However, there are some points to be considered upon this ownership, such as employment and commissioning.
• A copyright owner may use the symbol © to simply notify that his/her work is copyrighted, thereby warning a third party from infringement. However, preferring not to use the symbol does not signify that a copyright owner loses his/her copyright protection.
• An IP is covered by copyright during the lifetime of the IP owner and 50 years after his/her death. The IP owner's legal successors can renew the copyright after its expiration.
• Public domain


  Works that are not covered by IP rights (Copyright, trademark, and patent), due to expiration or forfeiture of rights. Using public domain does not require asking for copyright permission.
• Some people often mistake works with licenses under Creative Commons as public domain. Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization that provides licenses to copyright owners to distribute their IPs under several conditions.
• Trademark


  A name, word, slogan, symbol, among others, that identifies a product or organization. It requires registration, as if a material is a registered trademark or a group of organization, no other party can ever use it.
• Patent


  A government license given to industrial processes and inventions that gives its creator an exclusive right to use, sell, or manufacture the said IPs.
• In the Philippines, not all inventions are patentable. According to the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, non-patentable inventions includes: Discoveries, scientific theories, and mathematical methods; Schemes, rules and methods of performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers; Methods for treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy and diagnostic methods practiced on human or animal body; Plant varieties or animal breeds or essentially biological process for the production of plants and animals; Aesthetic creations; and Anything which is contrary to the public order or morality.
• The term of a patent lasts 20 years from the filing date of registration.
• Plagiarism


  The act of stealing a person's work and presenting them as your own.
• Types of plagiarism


  • The cut and paste
  • Word-switching
  • Style
  • Metaphor
  • Idea
• According to the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, as amended by Republic Act No. 3815, any person who is proven guilty of defamatory act shall pay the fine of Php 6,000, in addition to the civil action which may be brought by the offended.
• Fabrication is the production of data or results and reporting them as true and correct, or simply an invention of data.
• Falsification is the manipulation of research materials, or the modification and/or omission of data in an information to meet a certain result.
• Data modification and/or omission


  To meet a certain result
• Defamation


  An issuance of a false statement about another person or entity, which causes that person/entity to suffer harm
• Types of defamation


  • Slander- oral defamatory statements
  • Libel- printed defamation
• Libel


  A public and malicious imputation of a crime, or a vice or a defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstances, tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or judicial person, or to blacken the memory of one who is dead
• Any person who is proven guilty of defamatory act shall pay the fine of Php 6 000, in addition to the civil action which may be brought by the offended
• Netiquette


  Ethics on the Internet
• Netiquette


  A body of conventions and manners in using the internet as a tool for data and communication exchange
• Netiquette


  The word "netiquette" comes from the words "network" (internet) and "etiquette" (Chiles, 2013), thereby making it the social media guidelines on the internet
• Core rules and general guidelines in interacting in cyberspace by Virginia Shea (1994)


  • Remember the human
  • Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life
  • Know where you are in cyberspace
  • Respect other people's time and bandwidth
  • Make yourself look good online
  • Share expert knowledge
  • Help keep flame wars under control
  • Respect other people's privacy
  • Do not abuse your power
• Digital Divide


  The gap between digitally adept population and the non-technological ones
• Reasons why some people do not enjoy benefits of digital connectivity


  • Poverty
  • Infrastructure
  • Digital literacy
  • Policy and operations barriers
• Divisions of Digital Divide


  • First Divide- exists between every nation: industrialized an developing, the educated and the illiterate
  • Second Divide- Linguistic and cultural
  • Third divide- the growing gap between the rich and the poor nation
  • Fourth Divide- the views in prosperity whether it spreads to the rest of society or whether it creates separate, cosmopolitan, and knowledge-based enclave
• Internet Addiction


  The excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges, or behaviors regarding computer use and internet access that led to impairment or distress
• Types of Internet addiction


  • Cyber sexual addiction to adult chat rooms or cyber porn
  • Cyber relationship addiction to online friendship or affairs that replace real-life situation
  • Net compulsions to online gambling, auctions, or obsessive trading
  • Information overload to compulsive web surfing of databases searches
  • Computer addiction to game playing or programming
• Ways to curb internet use


  • Schedule your internet time
  • Answer social media replies or mails on intervals
  • Disable unnecessary notifications
  • Spend more time doing other activities
  • Spend more time with people in person
• Cyberbullying


  The intimidation, oppression, harassment, and discrimination done via information and communications technology