PR 2

• Naturalistic inquiry


  Studying real-world situations as they unfold naturally; non-manipulative, unobtrusive, and non-controlling; openness to whatever emerges—lack of predetermined constraints on outcomes
• Inductive analysis


  Immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important categories, dimensions,and interrelationships; begin by exploring genuinely open questions rather than testing theoreticallyderived (deductive) hypotheses.
• Holistic perspective


  The whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system that is more than thesum of its parts; focus is on complex interdependencies not meaningfully reduced to a few discretevariables and linear, cause-effect relationships.
• Qualitative data


  Detailed, thick description; inquiry in depth; direct quotations capturing people‘s personalperspectives and experiences.
• Personal contact and insight


  The researcher has direct contact with and gets close to the people, situation, andphenomenon under study; researcher‘s personal experiences and insights are important part of theinquiry and critical to understanding the phenomenon
• Dynamic systems


  Attention to process; assumes change is constant and ongoing whether the focus is on anindividual or an entire culture.
• Unique case orientation


  ssumes each case is special and unique; the first level of inquiry is being true to, respecting,and capturing the details of the individual cases being studied; cross- case analysis follows from anddepends on the quality of individual case studies.
• Context sensitivity


  Places findings in a social, historical, and temporal context; dubious of the possibility ormeaningfulness of generalization across time and space.
• Emphatic neutrality


  Complete objectivity is impossible; pure subjectivity undermines credibility; the researcher‘spassion is understanding the world in all its complexity – not proving something, not advocating, notadvancing personal agenda, but understanding; the researcher includes personal experience andempathic insight as part of the relevant data, while taking a neutral nonjudgmental stance towardwhatever content may emerge.
• Design flexibility


  Open to adapting inquiry as understanding deepens and/or situations change; avoids gettinglocked into rigid designs that eliminate responsiveness; pursues new paths of discovery as they emerge.
• Phenomenology


  It is an approach to philosophy and not specifically a method of inquiry
• Ethnography


  It is the direct description of a group, culture or community.
• Grounded theory


  It is a development of theory directly based and grounded in the data collected by theresearcher. It is a research methodology for discovering theory in a substantive area.
• Case study


  is an in-depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution over a periodof time. It provides information on where to draw conclusions about the impact of a significantevent in a person’s life.
• Non-experimental Research Design


  Non-experimental research design is an approach in quatitative research where data aregathered in a natural set-up where no variables are manipulated. T
• Descriptive Research


  The purpose of a descriptive study is to describe, and interpret the current status of anindividual, settings, conditions, or events
• Survey Research


  encompasses the use of scientific sampling method with a designedquestionnaire to measure a given population's characteristics through the utilization ofstatistical methods
• Observational Research


  the use of observation to gather data. While this may soundmore of a qualitative approach, it becomes quantitative when the researcher focuses oninformation that can be quantified or recorded as numerical data
• Causal-Comparative Research/Ex-post Facto


  t isresearch in which the dependent variable is immediately observable and now your mainconcern is to find out the antecedents that gave rise to this consequence.
• Correlational Research


  A quantitative methodology used to determine whether, and to what degree, a relationshipexists between two or more variables within a population (or a sample).
• Subjective


  Results may be influenced bythe researcher.
• Objective


  seeks precise measurement &analysis of target concepts
• RESEARCH TITLE


  A research title prefaces the study by providing a summary of the main idea and is usually shortand concise. Well-written research titles draw interest from the readers. It gives weight andreputation to the research paper
• RESEARCH PROBLEM


  The research problem is a statement about the area of concern of the research paper, whetherit is a circumstance needing development, a difficulty requiring attention, or an inquirynecessitating an answer