IPSCOM FINALS

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Cards (49)

  • The Philippines is a culturally diverse country with an estimated 14-17 million Indigenous Peoples (IPs) belonging to 110 ethnolinguistic groups
  • IPs are mainly concentrated in Northern Luzon (Cordillera Administrative Region, 33%) and Mindanao (61%), with some groups in the Visayas area
  • The Philippine Constitution mandates state recognition, protection, promotion, and fulfillment of the rights of Indigenous Peoples
  • Republic Act 8371, also known as the "Indigenous Peoples Rights Act" (1997, IPRA), recognized the right of IPs to manage their ancestral domains and has become the cornerstone of current national policy on IPs
  • IPs remain among the poorest and most disadvantaged people, suffering disproportionately in areas like health, education, and human rights, and regularly face systemic discrimination and exclusion
  • IPs in the Philippines have been subject to historical discrimination and marginalization from political processes and economic benefits
  • IPs often face exclusion, loss of ancestral lands, displacement, pressures to and destruction of traditional ways of life and practices, and loss of identity and culture
  • Conflicts such as the 40-year-old armed conflict in Mindanao, involving secessionists and communist insurgents, exacerbate the plight of indigenous peoples
  • Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples

    A group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as an organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions, and other distinctive cultural traits, and who have become historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos
  • The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) is the primary government agency responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies, plans, and programs to recognize, protect, and promote the rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs) / Indigenous Peoples (IPs)
  • Characteristics of indigenous communities

    • Specialization in wood carving, basket-making, and weaving
    • Specialization in embroidery, appliqué, and bead-making
    • Building of renowned rice terraces
    • Practicing shifting cultivation or hunter-gathering
    • Significant number being Protestant Christians
    • Varying degrees of integration with lowland Christian Filipinos
  • Indigenous groups in Luzon

    • Ifugao
    • Bontoc
    • Kankanaey
    • Ibaloi
    • Kalinga
    • Tinguian
    • Isneg
    • Gaddang
    • Ilongot
    • Negrito
  • Lumad tribal groupings in Mindanao

    • Ata
    • Bagobo
    • Guiangga
    • Mamanwa
    • Magguangan
    • Mandaya
    • Banwa-on
    • Bukidnon
    • Dulangan
    • Kalagan
    • Kulaman
    • Manobo
    • Subanon
    • Tagabili
    • Takakaolo
    • Talandig
    • Tiruray or Teduray
  • Indigenous groups in other regions

    • Tingguian, Isneg, northern Kalinga, Bontoc, Sagada, Ifugao, Southern Kalinga, Ibaloi, and Kankanaey in Region I and CAR
    • Ibanag, Itawes, Yogad, Gaddang, Ilongot, Ikalahan, Isinai, and some Aeta groups in Region II
    • Dumagat, Pugot, and other Aeta groups in the Sierra Madre range of eastern Luzon in Region III
    • Aeta and Sambal in the Zambales range and the mountains of Pampanga and Tarlac in Region III
    • Different Agta groups in the Pacific coast of Quezon province, and the islands of Polillo and Alabat in Region IV
    • Seven Mangyan groups in the island of Mindoro in Region IV
    • Tagbanua, Batak, Palawanon, and Cuyunon in the island of Palawan in Region IV
    • Different Agta groups in the mountains of the Bicol Peninsula in Region V
    • Sulod and Ati in the interior foothills and remote coastal areas of Panay and Negros Islands in Region VI
    • Lumad groups in the hinterlands and coastal lowlands of the Zamboanga peninsula, the plateaus of Bukidnon, the upper headwaters of the Davao, Tinanan, and Kulaman rivers, the coastal areas along the Davao Gulf and the interior hinterlands of southeastern Mindanao
  • Igorot or Cordillerans

    • Indigenous groups in the northern mountains of Luzon (Cordillera)
    • The term "Igorot" collectively refers to several indigenous tribes in the Cordillera, including the Ifugao, Kankanaey, Bontoc, Ibaloi, and others
    • The Igorot people are known for their intricate rice terraces, which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and their skilled craftsmanship in basketry, weaving, and woodcarving
  • Major Igorot tribes

    • Ifugao
    • Kankanaey
    • Bontoc
    • Ibaloi
    • Ilongot
  • Ifugao

    • Known for their famous rice terraces, the Ifugao people primarily inhabit the mountainous province of Ifugao
    • They are renowned for their sophisticated agricultural practices and intricate rice terracing systems, which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites
  • Kankanaey

    • The Kankanaey people primarily reside in the Benguet province and parts of the Mountain Province
    • They are known for their expertise in agriculture, particularly in cultivating highland crops like vegetables and root crops
  • Bontoc

    • The Bontoc tribe predominantly inhabits the Bontoc municipality in the Mountain Province
    • They are recognized for their skillful craftsmanship in basket weaving and woodcarving, as well as their unique burial practices, including hanging coffins
  • Ibaloi

    • The Ibaloi tribe mainly resides in Benguet province and parts of Baguio City
    • They are known for their agricultural prowess, particularly in cultivating strawberries, and their distinctive burial customs, such as interring the deceased in caves or hanging coffins
  • Ilongot

    • The Ilongot tribe is located in the Sierra Madre Mountain range in northern Luzon
    • Historically, they were known as fierce headhunters
    • They have a rich cultural heritage, including unique jewelry-making traditions and elaborate social structures
  • Other Ethnic Groups

    • Applai
    • Balangao (a.k.a. Boliwon)
    • Iwak (Sometimes known as Iowak or Owak)
    • Kalanguya (Ikalahan)
    • Kalinga
    • Karao
    • Tingguians or Itneg
    • ISNEG/ISNAG
  • Lumad

    • Groups on the southern island of Mindanao
    • The term "Lumad" collectively refers to several indigenous ethnic groups in the southern Philippines, particularly in the regions of Mindanao and the Visayas
    • Lumad communities have distinct cultural identities, languages, and traditions, and they inhabited the Philippines long before the arrival of Spanish colonizers
  • Lumad

    • A Bisayan term meaning "native" or "indigenous"
    • It is adopted by a group of 15 from more than 18 Mindanao ethnic groups in their Cotabato Congress in June 1986 to distinguish them from the other Mindanaons, Moro or Christian
  • Major Lumad tribes

    • Manobo
    • T'boli
    • B'laan
    • Subanen
    • Higaonon
  • Manobo

    • The Manobo tribe is one of the largest Lumad ethnic groups, inhabiting various parts of Mindanao
    • They are known for their agricultural practices, weaving skills, and rich oral traditions
  • T'boli

    • The T'boli people primarily reside in the province of South Cotabato in Mindanao
    • They are known for their intricate T'nalak fabric weaving, traditional music, and colorful dances
  • B'laan

    • The B'laan tribe inhabits the mountainous regions of Mindanao, particularly in the provinces of Sarangani and South Cotabato
    • They are skilled in basket weaving, beadwork, and metalcraft
  • Subanen

    • The Subanen people mainly live in the Zamboanga Peninsula and the provinces of Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga del Norte
    • They are known for their craftsmanship in weaving, pottery, and traditional dance forms
  • Higaonon

    • The Higaonon tribe resides in the northern and central regions of Mindanao
    • They have a strong connection to nature and are known for their sustainable farming practices and spiritual beliefs
  • Other Lumad Groups

    • Mandaya
    • Banwaon
    • Talaandig
    • Ubo
    • Tiruray
    • Bagobo
    • Tagakaolo
    • Dibabawon
    • Manguangan
    • Mansaka
  • Mangyan

    • Smaller groups collectively in the Island of Mindoro that are scattered groups in the Visayas islands and Luzon
    • The Mangyan people are indigenous ethnic groups residing on the island of Mindoro in the Philippines
    • They are composed of several tribes, each with its distinct language, culture, and traditions
  • Main Mangyan tribes

    • Iraya
    • Alangan
    • Tadyawan
    • Buhid
    • Hanunoo
  • Iraya

    • The Iraya Mangyan primarily inhabit the mountainous areas of Mindoro Occidental
    • They are known for their skill in bamboo and rattan weaving, as well as their agricultural practices, particularly in cultivating upland rice
  • Alangan

    • The Alangan Mangyan reside in the central part of Mindoro Island
    • They are known for their intricate beadwork and basketry, as well as their traditional music and dances
  • Tadyawan

    • The Tadyawan Mangyan are found in the southeastern part of Mindoro
    • They have a unique system of social organization and are known for their knowledge of herbal medicine and traditional healing practices
  • Buhid

    • The Buhid Mangyan live in the southern part of Mindoro Island
    • They are known for their intricate embroidery and weaving, as well as their traditional agricultural practices
  • Hanunoo

    • The Hanunoo Mangyan inhabit the mountainous regions of Mindoro Island
    • They are known for their ancient script called "Hanunoo," which is used in traditional rituals and communication
  • Badjao (Sama Dilaut)

    • Also spelled Bajau or Bajaw, are a distinct ethnic group in the Philippines, particularly known for their seafaring and nomadic lifestyle
    • They traditionally live in houseboats known as "lepa" or stilt houses near coastal areas and islands in the Sulu Sea and other parts of the southern Philippines
    • The Badjao are skilled divers and fishermen, known for their free-diving abilities and expertise in harvesting seafood
    • They have a unique culture, language, and traditions that are deeply rooted in their maritime way of life
  • Aeta

    • Are an indigenous ethnic group in the Philippines, primarily inhabiting the mountainous regions of Luzon Island
    • They are considered one of the earliest known inhabitants of the Philippines and are often referred to as the country's "Negritos" due to their distinct physical features, such as dark skin and curly hair
    • The Aeta traditionally live in small, scattered communities and practice subsistence farming, hunting, and gathering
    • They have a rich cultural heritage, including unique beliefs, rituals, and folk traditions passed down through generations