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• Imperatives for Intercultural Competence


  • The Demographic Imperative
  • The Technological Imperative
  • The Economic Imperative
  • The Peace Imperative
  • The Interpersonal Imperative
• Global Village


  The consequences of the mass media's ability to bring events from the far reaches of the globe into people's homes, thus shrinking the world
• Communication


  A symbolic, interpretive, transactional, and contextual process in which people create shared meanings
• Communication is symbolic


  • A symbol is a word, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning
  • A meaning is a perception, thought, or feeling that a person experiences and might want to communicate to others
  • A message refers to the "package" of symbols used to create shared meanings
• Communication is interpretive


  • Participants may not necessarily interpret the messages in exactly the same way
  • Understanding means the participants have imposed similar or shared interpretations about what the messages actually mean
  • Agreement means each participant not only understands the other's interpretations but also holds a similar view
• Communication is transactional


  • All participants work together to create and sustain the meanings that develop
  • The transactional view emphasizes the construction or shared creation of messages and meanings
• Communication is contextual


  • The physical, social, and interpersonal settings within which messages are exchanged
• Communication is a process


  • Things are changing, moving, developing, and evolving
• Communication involves shared meanings


  • Meanings are created and shared by groups of people as they participate in ordinary and everyday activities
• Interpersonal communication


  A form of communication that involves a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another
• Characteristics of interpersonal communication


  • A small number of people
  • People interacting exclusively with one another
  • Adapted to specific others
  • Immediate interpretations
• Culture


  A learned set of shared information about beliefs, values, norms, and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people
• Characteristics of culture


  • Culture is learned
  • Culture is a set of shared interpretations
  • Culture involves beliefs, values, norms, and social practices
  • Culture affects behavior
  • Culture involves large groups of people
• Nation


  A political term referring to a government and a set of formal and legal mechanisms that regulate the political behavior of its people
• Race


  Certain physical similarities, such as skin color or eye shape, that are shared by a group of people and are used to mark or separate them from others
• Ethnicity


  A term used to refer to a wide variety of groups who might share a language, historical origins, religion, nation-state, or cultural system
• Subculture


  Racial and ethnic minority groups that share both a common nation-state with other cultures and some aspects of the larger culture
• Co-culture


  A term used to avoid the implication of a hierarchical relationship between cultural groups
• Forces that maintain cultural differences


  • History
  • Ecology
  • Technology
  • Biology
  • Institutional networks
  • Interpersonal communication
• Intercultural communication


  A symbolic, interpretive, transactional, and contextual process in which people from different cultures create shared meanings
• Intracultural communication


  Communication between culturally similar individuals
• Cross-cultural communication


  Involves a comparison of interactions among people from the same culture to those from another culture
• International communication


  Interactions among people from different nations
• Cultural patterns


  Shared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations
• Components of cultural patterns


  • Beliefs
  • Values
  • Norms
  • Social practices
• Beliefs


  A set of learned interpretations that form the basis for cultural members to decide what is and what is not logical and correct
• Values


  What a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel
• Norms


  The socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors
• Social practices


  The predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow
• Characteristics of cultural patterns


  • Activity orientation
  • Time orientation
  • Relational orientation
  • Spatial orientation
  • Biological orientation
  • Intellectual orientation
• Values

  • good or
  • right or wrong
  • fair or unfair
  • just or unjust
  • beautiful or ugly
  • clean or dirty
  • valuable or worthless
  • appropriate or inappropriate
  • kind or cruel
• Valence


  Whether the value is seen as positive or negative
• Intensity


  Strength or importance of the value, or the degree to which the culture identifies the value as significant
• Norms


  Socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors
• Unlike values, norms may change over a period of time, whereas beliefs and values tend to be much more enduring
• Social practices


  Predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow, outward manifestations of beliefs, values, and norms
• Activity orientation


  • How the people of a culture view human actions and the expression of self through activities
• Questions related to activity orientation

  • Is it important to be engaged in activities in order to be a "good" member of one's culture?
  • Can and should people change the circumstances of their lives?
  • Is work very different from play?
  • Which is more important, work or play?
  • Is life a series of problems to be solved or simply a collection of events to be experienced?
• Social relations orientation


  • How the people in a culture organize themselves and relate to one another
• Questions related to social relations orientation


  • To what extent are some people in the culture considered better or superior to others?
  • Can social superiority be obtained through birth, age, good deeds, or material achievement and success?
  • Are formal, ritualized interaction sequences expected?
  • In what ways does the culture's language require people to make social distinctions?
  • What responsibilities and obligations do people have to their extended families, their neighbors, their employers or employees, and others?