Geography

• BRICS


  Brazil, Russia, India, China
• MINTS


  Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
• Industrialisation


  The process of a country moving from mostly agriculture (farming) to manufacturing goods (factories)
• Brandt line


  The line that divided the rich north from the poor south
• NEE


  newly emerging economy
• Squatter settlements


  An area of poor-quality housing (often illegal) lacking basic services e.g., sanitation
• Sanitation


  Access to clean water and a toilet
• Makoko


  Squatter settlement in Lagos by the lagoon
• Inequality


  Differences in wealth and well-being between different people
• Nets for Life


  • $2 mosquito net reduces bites which cause malaria
  • 85,000 nets given out in Abuja (Nigeria's capital city)
• Tax


  Money paid to the government
• Disposable income


  Money people have after paying for essentials
• Life expectancy


  • The average age a person is expected to live to in a country.
  • In Nigeria, it has increased from 46 to 55 years
• Air pollution


  Particles in the air that can cause damage to health
• Transnational corporation


  Companies that operate in more than one country
• Positive multiplier effect


  The cycle where investment in one area leads to further improvement
• Source country


  The country where a TNC has its headquarters (HIC)
• Positives of Shell. 91% of contracts given to Nigerian companies so Government receives more tax. which can be invested in infrastructure or services like healthcare.
• Negatives of Shell


  • Bodo oil spill 08/09 spilled 11 mill gallons which polluting water and farmland
  • Local farmers lose their income and source of food (fish)
• Climate change


  A change in the global climate from the expected average
• Global warming


  A gradual increase in temperature attributed to the enhanced greenhouse effect
• Quaternary period


  A period in geological time which stretches from 2.6 million years ago to now
• Photographs


  • Comparing photos from 1850s with today show how glaciers have shrunk
• Ice cores


  • Drilled out by scientists who analyse the ancient air. More GHGs = higher temperatures. This can go back 450,000 years
• Temperature


  • Records using thermometers show us temperature variations. Only since 1850s
• Tree rings


  • Good growing conditions (warm and wet) means rings are wide. Extreme weather (droughts/frost) means are rings thin. Trees can go back 10,000 years
• Lots of farmers 


  lost food and income due to drought
• Lack of money for defences

  more damage to buildings from sea level rise and flooding