definitions

• Abduction

  Movement away from the midline of the body
• Adduction

  Movement towards the midline of the body
• Aerobic exercise

  Use of oxygen for the duration of the exercise. Usually at moderate intensity at a continuous rate e.g. long distance running
• Agonist


  The muscle that works to create the movement
• Antagonist

  The muscle that works in the opposite way of the agonist
• Antagonistic muscle action

  A pair of muscles that work together to produce movement with one muscle contracting whilst the other muscle relaxes. E.g. the upper arm, as the arm flexes the bicep contracts and the triceps relaxes
• Anaerobic exercise

  Exercise which does not allow for the predominant usage of oxygen. Usually high or very high intensity for a short period of time. E.g. sprinting up a hill
• Articulating bones

  Bones that move relative to each other at a joint
• Axes

  A line around which the body can turn
• Balanced diet

  A diet that contains the correct proportions of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water necessary to maintain good health
• Beta Blockers

  A drug used to control heart rhythm and lower blood pressure
• Blood vessels


  Tubular structures that carry blood around our bodies
• Breathing rate

  The number of breaths taken in a minute
• Cartilage


  A tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue
• Cardiac output


  The volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart. Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
• Cardiovascular endurance


  The ability to continue exertion while getting energy from the aerobic system used to supply the body with energy. Also referred to as stamina
• Circumduction


  The circular movement of a joint. It is a movement pattern that combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
• Commercialisation


  Links business and commerce into sport with a primary focus of profit which can lead to exploitation
• Complex skill


  A skill which requires a lot of focus and decision making to perform
• Confidence


  The degree to which a performer believes they have the ability to perform and complete tasks with success
• Continuous training


  Training that involves activity without rest intervals. It can be performed at any intensity
• Cool down


  The act of allowing physiological activity to return to normal gradually after strenuous exercise by engaging in less strenuous exercise
• Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

  Where the blood vessels are narrowed and blood flow and oxygen to the heart is reduced
• Discrimination


  The unfair treatment of individuals whereby opportunities are not available to all of the different social groups
• Deviance


  Behaviour that is either immoral or seriously breaks the rules and norms of the sport
• Double circulatory system


  The human body has two circulatory loops in which blood circulates. One is oxygenated, and the other is deoxygenated. Systemic – the circulatory loop that controls blood flow from the heart to the rest of the working muscles and organs. Pulmonary - the circulatory loop that controls blood flow from the heart to the lungs
• Energy balance


  Energy input = energy expenditure. This equation must balance for your body weight to remain constant
• Ethnicity


  A state of belonging to a specific social group with common cultural or national traditions or beliefs
• Exercise


  Activity that requires physical effort. Usually carried out to sustain or bring about improvements to health or fitness
• Extension


  A straightening movement around a joint
• Fartlek training


  Training which varies in intensity and duration and consists of bursts of intense effort alternating with less strenuous activity
• Fatigue


  Muscle tiredness when the body has a lack of energy
• Feedback


  Information that is given to a performer either during or after their performance with the aim of improving future performances
• Fixator


  A muscle which acts as the stabilizer and helps the agonist work effectively of one part of the body during movement of another part
• FIIT


  FITT outlines the key components of an effective exercise program: Frequency – the number of times exercise takes place Intensity – how hard and intense the exercise is Time – how long you exercise for Type - the kind of exercise that takes place
• Fitness


  Your ability to meet the physical demands placed on you by the environment
• Flexibility


  Range of movement available around a joint
• Flexion


  A bending movement around a joint in a limb
• Frontal axis of rotation


  An imaginary line which passes through the body horizontally from left to right, allowing flexion and extension
• Frontal plane


  An imaginary line which divides the body from front to back vertically