FINALS HA RLE

• RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT

  Liver

  Stomach

  Gallbladder

  Duodenum

  Right kidney

  Pancreas

  Transverse colon

  Right adrenal gland

  Small intestine
• RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT

  Large intestine

  Cecum

  Appendix

  Right ureter

  Right reproductive organs

  Ovary

  Fallopian tube

  Spermatic cord
• LEFT LOWER QUADRANT

  Small intestine

  Large intestine

  Left ureter

  Left reproductive organs

  Fallopian tube

  Ovary

  Spermatic cord

  Sigmoid colon
• LEFT UPPER QUADRANT


  Liver

  Left adrenal gland

  Stomach

  Left kidney

  Pancreas

  Spleen

  Transverse colon

  Small intestine

  Belly button landmark
• 9 regions of the abdomen

  1. Epigastric region
  2. Umbilical region
  3. Hypogastric region
  4. Left hypochondrium
  5. Right hypochondrium
  6. Left lumbar region
  7. Right lumbar region
  8. Left inguinal region
  9. Right inguinal region
• right abdominal pain

  gallstones

  ulcer

  pancreatitis
• epigastric region pain

  heartburn/GERD

  indigestion

  ulcer

  pancreatitis

  epigastric hernia
• left hypochondriac pain

  stomach ulcer

  duodenal ulcer

  biliary colic
• Burning


  Peptic Ulcer and Gerd
• Severe Cramping


  Appendicitis, Crohn’s Disease, Diverticulitis
• Stabbing


  Pancreatitis, Cholecystitis
• Ascites


  is the buildup of fluid in your belly, often due to severe liver disease. The extra fluid makes your belly swell.
• GREY’S TURNER SIGN


  refers to bruising of the flanks, the part of the body between the last rib and the top of the hip.
• CULLEN SIGN


  bruising around the umbilicus. It is commonly associated with severe acute pancreatitis
• SPIDER ANGIOMA


  Dilated surface arterioles and capillaries with a central star may be seen with liver disease or portal hypertension
• BLUISH STRIAE (purple)


  distribute on lower quadrants of abdomen, upper legs or hips this is found in hypercortisolism.
• DARK BLUISH STRIAE


  may also be caused by ascites, which stretches the skin.
• Aortic aneurysm 


  Vigorous wide, exaggerated pulsations
• BORBORYGMI = “growling”
• normal abdominal movement

  Male: Abdomino-thoracic

  Female: Thoraco-abdominal

  Infant: Thoraco-abdominal
• HYPOACTIVE BOWEL SOUNDS


  3 to 5 BS per minute
• HYPERACTIVE BOWEL SOUNDS


  short but frequent peristaltic sounds (referred to as “rushes”). greater than 34 sounds per minute
• VENOUS HUM


  Soft, continuous, and low, pitched in the abdomen usually indicates increased portal tension
• FRICTION RUBS


  are caused by two organs rubbing together or by an organ rubbing against the peritoneum.
• MID – CLAVICULAR PERCUSSION SHOULD BE 6-12 CM

  MIDSTERNAL PERCUSSION SHOULD BE 4-8 CM
• INVOLUNTARY GUARDING AND RIGIDITY – peritonitis
• MASSES – may indicate underlying tumor, enlarged uterus, feces-filled colon.
• ENLARGED LIVER – may indicate cirrhosis, tumor, hepatitis
• ENLARGED SPLEEN – may indicate trauma malignancy, infection, to spleen
• BALLOTTEMENT TEST


  Is a palpation technique used to assess a partially free-floating object.
• ROVSING’S SIGN


  Deep palpation of the left lower quadrant of a person's abdomen increases the pain felt in the right lower quadrant
• REBOUND TENDERNESS


  This is a test for peritoneal irritation
• REFERRED REBOUND TENDERNESS


  Palpate deeply in the LLQ and quickly release pressure, Pain in RLQ during pressure in the LLQ