childhood

• Pilcher


  seperatness, Golden age, Western culture
• Wagg


  Childhood is socially constructed
• Benedict


  There are 3 differences between modern western childhood and simpler childhoods
• Holmes


  Earlier Responsibility
• Firth


  Less obedience to authority
• Malinowski


  Sexual behaviour
• Aries


  childhood is a recent invention- "mini adults"

  10-13th century - children and adults had same rights

  20th century- century of the child, childhood is special
• Shorter


  Agreed with Aries,

  high infant mortality rate encouraged indifference and neglect from parents.
• Pollock


  Middle ages had a different notion of childhood. It did exist.
• Giddens


  Democratic parenting
• postman


  Childhood is disappearing at a dazzling speed,

  children wear adult clothes and commit adult crimes
• opie


  There is strong evidence of the continued existence of a separate children's culture over many years, as he found children's unsupervised games remained unique.
• jenks


  Childhood is changing, not disappearing.

  childhood is a creation of modern society
• palmer


  'Toxic childhood' - technological and cultural changes have damaged children's physical, emotional and intellectual development.
• Hillman


  Boys have more freedom, can cross roads alone
• bonke


  Girls do more domestic labour than boys
• Brannen


  Asian parents are more likely to be strict towards their daughters
• firestone and holt


  MOP view as care and protection is actually control and oppression

  
  

  - protection from paid work- inequality for kids
• gittins

  Age patriarchy of adult domination which keeps children lower and dependent than adults
• Hockey and James


  acting up and acting down

  modern childhood is a status most children want to escape
• bocock


  new consumers = fulfill capitalist goals
• smart


  new sociology of childhood

  need to study child's perspective to understand childhood
• Mason and Tipper


  children create their own definitions of family - fictive kin and pets
• Reasons for changes in childhood


  Laws, schooling, mass media, demographic changes, medicine
• AO3


  industrialisation

  underlines many changes

  higher standards of living - low IMR

  key factor in creating modern idea of childhood
• functionalist theory on childhood

  crucial process in modern family

  
  

  socialisation - learn norms and values
• marxist theory of childhood

  socialisation of children benefits capitalism

  children = unit of consumption

  BOCOCK
• Feminist theory of childhood


  gender inequality through socialisation

  children socialised to accept patriarchy

  men above women
• katz


  rural sudanese children roam freely in and outside the village

  
  

  work from 3/4 years old