Plants taxonomy

• Bryophyta


  • Plants without vascular tissues
  • Without seeds
  • Without flowers
  • Reproduction by spores
• Liverworts


  Very old group, 9k species
• Hornworts


  Leaf like structure appears
• Bryophytes


  Most diverse group, bioindicators, colonizers
• Bryophyta


  • hornworts
  • liverwort
  • bryophytes
• Pteridophyta


  • Plant with true vascular system
  • Without seeds
  • Without flowers
  • Reproduce by spore
• Psilophyta


  Most primitive group, No leaves
• Lycophyta


  • Microphyllous leaves
  • Cupressus like leaves
  • Club - ferns
• Equisetophyta


  Sporangia from cones
• Pteridophyta


  Macrophyllous leaves: fronds
• Gymnosperm


  Seeds but no flowers
• Angiosperm


  Seeds and flowers
• Properties of spermatophyta


  • Vascular tissues: xylem and phloem
  • Seeds: differentiated spores
  • Flowers: more or less complex, more or less visible
  • Fruits: only angiosperms
  • Cambium; tissue
• Heterospory


  Producing two different types of spores, one for male and one for female
• Homospory


  Producing only one type of spore
• Two plant forms


  • Sporophyte: create the spores
  • Gametophyte: creates the gametes
• Gametophyte located in pollen cone is much more protected than the fern gametophyte as it is in a cone not just in soil (fern)
• No taxonomic group spermatophyta: convenient way of group. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are phyla that belong to plantae
• Gymnosperms


  • Vascular plants
  • Naked seed (no ovary)
  • No fruit
  • Unisexual flowers
  • With cambium
• Groups of Gymnosperms


  • Subph Cycadidae
  • Subph Pinicae
• Subph Pinicae


  • Class ginkgoatae
  • Class pinatae
  • Order cordaitales
  • Order Pinales
  • Order taxales
• Subph. Cycadidae


  • Cycads
  • Oldest seed plant
  • Long complex leaves in rosette
  • No clear secondary growth
  • One or more terminal cones
• PALMS Are angiosperms, Cycads are gymnosperms
• Dioecious


  Having male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals
• Hermaphrodite plant


  Has two reproductive organs in the same individual and in same place
• Monoecious plant


  Have both reproductive organs in the same plant but not in the same place
• Subph Pinicae

  • Gymnosperm
  • Particular leaves
  • No ovule, no fruit
  • Dioecious
  • Long shoots: macroblast
  • Short shoots from where leaves actually appear: braquiblast
• Pinales


  • Cupressaceae (junipers, cypresses)
  • Pinaceae: pines, leaves (needle like) in macroblasts and braquiblasts, number of leaflets in braquiblast is a taxonomic trait, male cones in terminal position, female cones in lateral position
• Genera in pinaceae


  • Pinus
  • cedrus
  • larix
  • abies
• Order taxales


  Taxus baccata, shrub tress, poisonous, great wood for furniture, paclitaxel cancer treatment
• Angiosperms


  • Vascular plants
  • Seed protected by ovary which will become fruit
  • Hermaphrodite flowers
  • With or without cambium
• Cotyledon


  First leaves formed in seed
• Cambium - present or not, Monocots never have cambium, dicots can or cannot have cambium
• Leaves


  • dicots (palmatinerves/pinnatinerves)
  • monocots (parallelinerver)
• Stipule


  Appears on base of the leaf and can have different shapes and can take many functions. Mainly has defensive function
• Bud


  New branches or flowers appear above leafs, meristematic tissue
• Perianth


  Petal +sepal
• Tepal


  Petal/sepal fused
• Flower ovary


  Hypanthium is a structure where petals and sepals are inserted, where fruits are developed
• Class Magnoliopsida (dicots)


  • Subclass magnoliidae
  • Hamamelididae
  • Caryophyllidae
  • Dilleniidae
  • Rosidae
  • Subclass Asteridae