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• DRAFTING PRACTICES AND EQUIPMENT


  •Pencil

  • T-square

  • Triangles

  • Irregular (French) curves

  • Compasses

  • Dividers
• Multiview drawings


  These are two-dimensional (2-D) views of the object drawn using orthographic projection wherein the complete shape of the item with its dimension and details is shown.
• Pictorial drawings


  These are three-dimensional (3-D) drawings that show an object as in a photograph wherein usually three adjacent surfaces are shown in one drawing.
• Schematic drawings


  These are drawings that use symbols and lines to show the flow of energy or fluids.
• Block diagrams


  These are used to show the flow of a working process.
• Electrical Drafter


  generate computer-aided drafting and design (CADD) models and drawings of electrical equipment, wiring diagrams, circuit-board assembly diagrams, and layout drawings used by construction crews and repairers. These repairers install and repair electrical equipment and wiring in communication centers, power plants, industrial establishments, commercial and domestic buildings, and electrical distribution systems.
• Electronic Drafter


  produce CADD models and drawings that includes wiring diagrams, layout drawings, mechanical detail drawings, intermediate and final assembly drawings. These CADD models are used in manufacturing, assembling, installing, and repairing electronic devices and components, printed circuit boards and equipment.
• Technical Illustrator


  lay out and draw illustrations for reproduction in reference works, as well as brochures and technical manuals that deals with assembly, installation, operation, maintenance, and repair of machine, tools, and equipment.
• CAD/CADD software


  contains programs that instruct the hardware devices to perform specific tasks for the drafter. Regardless of how proficient the drafter is with the software program, without a knowledge of engineering and architectural drawing, the working drawings produced will be worthless.
• Computer-aided engineering (CAE)


  It is a mathematical model written in a programming language using a set of algorithms that define the manufacturing processes.
• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)


  It is the successor of computer-aided engineering (CAE) and is often used in tandem with computer-aided design (CAD).
• Product-data management (PDM)


  It is the use of software to manage product data and process- related information in a single, central system. This information includes computer-aided design (CAD) data, models, parts information, manufacturing instructions, requirements, notes, and documents.
• Computer-numerical control (CNC)


  As the name implies, the computer converts the design produced by Computer Aided Design software (CAD), into numbers. The numbers can be considered to be the coordinates of a graph and they control the movement of the cutter. In this way the computer controls the cutting and shaping of the material.
• Finite-element analysis (FEA)


  It is a computerized method for predicting how a product reacts to real- world forces, vibration, heat, fluid flow, and other physical effects.
• Engineering drawing


  a graphical means of expression of technical details without the barrier of a language. It is the universal language for engineers since no construction/manufacturing of any (man-made) engineering objects is possible without engineering drawing.
• Drafting 


  It is a graphic language using lines, symbols, and notes to describe objects for manufacturer or construction. Most technical disciplines that use drafting includes architecture, civil and electrical engineering, electronics, piping, and manufacturing and structural engineering.
• Mechanical Drafting


  Its name is derived from mechanisms, in construction industry the term refers to drafting heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, which is the mechanical portion of an architectural project.
• Manual drafting


  It is a term that describes traditional drafting practice through the use of pencil or ink medium such as paper or polyester film and with the use of drafting instruments and equipment.
• Computer-aided drafting (CAD)


  It has taken the place of manual drafting, instead of manual drafting computers are used for drafting. CAD also refers to computer-aided design when computers are used to design.
• Leon Battista Alberti


  Most of the early creators of engineering drawings were artists and inventors, was an Italian who wrote about architecture and engineering. His writings covered wide range of subjects, from architecture to town planning and from engineering to philosophy of beauty. He also wrote two (2) works that explored the need to incorporate geometry in drawings. He also proposed drawings with multiple views rather than the commonly used pictorial diagrams.
• Leonardo da Vinci


  Besides from being well known for his art he was also an inventor. He designed machines such as the glider and military equipment with such greater accuracy and dimensions
• René Descartes


  The importance of using Multiview two-dimension drawings was also influenced by the development of descriptive geometry in the work of French Philosopher. He invented the Cartesian coordinate system which uses the numerical coordinates to locate points in space according to distances measured in the same unit of length from three intersecting axes. The Cartesian coordinate system is the basis for establishing points when using CAD today.
• Gaspard Monge 


  created a large-scale plan of a town using his own methods of observation and instruments he originally designed. He arrived at a graphic method of application of geometry of construction, which is now called descriptive geometry. Descriptive geometry is the system of graphic geometry that uses plane projections to describe and analyze their properties for engineering drafting applications.
• Graphic language 


  in “engineering application” use lines to represent the surfaces, edges, and contours of objects. The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting.”
• Interchangeability


  refers to parts manufactured identically within given tolerances. Interchangeable parts were produced to specifications that made sure they were so nearly identical that they fit into any product for which they were designed.
• Two-Dimensional Drawings (2D)


  These are often required because they are the standard format used in manufacturing and construction. effective for a project that is quick to design and does not require extensive revision, advanced visualization, simulation, and analysis.
• Three-Dimensional Wireframe Models (3D)


  describes an object having width, height, and depth dimensions. A wireframe model is the most basic 3-D CAD model, and it contains only information about object edges and vertices.
• Vertices


  It is a plural for vertex, which is the point where edges intersect.
• Wireframe


  It describes the appearance of the model as if constructed from wires.
• Three-Dimensional Surface Models


  Surface model contains information about object edges, vertices and surfaces, while a surface is an outer boundary of an object that connects to edges and vertices. Surface model has zero thickness, lacks mass, and may not enclose a volume.
• Three-Dimensional Solid Models


  A solid model is the most complex CAD format, it contains information about object edges, vertices, surfaces, and mass. An accurate solid model is an exact digital representation of a product.
• CADD Symbols


  The ability to create and store symbols in a drawing for future use is a major benefit in using CADD. These saved reusable symbols are known by names such as symbols, blocks, cells, reference files, depending on the CADD software.
• File Referencing


  tools provide an effective way to use and relate existing base drawings, complex symbols, images, and details to other drawings.
• Scale Factor


  is the reciprocal of the drawing scale used in the proper scaling of various objects such as text, dimensions, and graphic patterns.
• Electronic Plots


  Exporting is the process of transferring electronic data for a database to a different file format used by another program. Exporting a drawing is an effective way to display and share a drawing for some applications.
• File Templates


  is a file that stores standard file settings and objects for use in a file, wherein all settings and content of a template file are included in a new file.