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• Abstract Thought


  Capable of thinking in terms of possibility rather than limited to thinking about what already is
• Accommodation


  Taking in information and changing it to fix their existing ideas
• Animism


  Animals and inanimate objects as being capable of thought and feelings also known as magical thinking
• Assimilation


  Taking in information and changing it to fix their existing ideas
• Conservation


  The ability to discern truth, even though physical properties change
• Centering


  The ability to see only one of the object's characteristics
• Development


  Indicates an increase in skill or the ability to function
• Developmental Task


  A skill or a growth responsibility arising at a particular time in an individual's life, the achievement of which will provide a foundation for the accomplishment of future tasks
• Egocentrism


  When they are able to see only one of the object's characteristics
• Growth


  Increase in the number and size of cells; measured in terms of quantity; orderly and predictable but not even
• Maturation


  Development of those cells until they are ready to function
• Permanence


  Infants learn objects in the environment – their bottle, blocks, their bed, or even a parent – are permanent and continue to exist even though they are out of sight or changed in some way
• Reversibility


  The ability to retrace steps
• Role Fantasy


  How preschoolers would like something to turn out
• Sensorimotor Intelligence


  Practical intelligence during infancy, because words and symbols for thinking and problem solving are not yet available at this early age
• Schemas


  The finer units of each stage of cognitive development according to Piaget
• Temperament


  The usual reaction pattern of an individual or an individual's characteristic manner of thinking, behaving or reacting to stimuli in the environment. It is an inborn characteristic
• Theory


  A systematic statement of principles that provides a framework for explaining some phenomenon
• Parameters of Growth


  • Weight
  • Height
• Ways to Measure Development


  • Direct observation of child's performance
  • Note parents' description of child's progress
  • Use of DDST (Denver Developmental Screening Test) modified as MMDST (Metro Manila Developmental Screening Test) in the Philippines
• Five Main Areas of Development

  • Physical
  • Emotional
  • Intellectual
  • Social
  • Spiritual
• Maturation


  • Development of cells until they are ready to function
  • An increase in human competence and adaptability
• Developmental Task


  A growth responsibility that arises at a certain time in the course of development
• Principles of Growth & Development

  • Growth and development are continuous processes from conception until death
  • All aspects of development are interrelated
  • Growth is continuous and gradual
  • Growth is not uniform
  • Growth and development follows an orderly pattern
  • There are periods of accelerated & decelerated growth rate
  • All individuals are different
  • Early foundations are critical
  • Each phase of development has hazards
  • Each phase of development has characteristic behavior
  • There is an optimum time for initiation of developmental experiences or learning
  • Most developmental skills and behaviors are learned by practice
  • Neonatal reflexes must be lost before motor development can proceed
  • Development is affected by cultural changes
  • There are social expectations for every stage of development
  • Development is a product of heredity and environment
• Major Factors Influencing Growth and Development


  • Genetics
  • Gender
  • Health
  • Intelligence
  • Environment
  • Temperament
• Reaction Patterns that Determine Temperament


  • Activity level
  • Rhythmicity
  • Approach
  • Adaptability
  • Intensity of reaction
  • Distractibility
  • Attention span and persistence
  • Threshold of response
  • Mood quality
• Categories of Temperament


  • The Easy Child
  • The Difficult Child
  • The Intermediate Child
  • Slow to Warm up Child
• Development of Mental Function & Personality Development

  • Individual adjustment to his environment
  • Covers appearances, abilities, motives, emotional reactivity and experiences that have shaped him to his present person
  • Early experiences influence behavior later in life
  • Mostly established by the age of five
• Structure of Personality


  • ID
  • Ego
  • Super Ego
• Factors Affecting Personality Development


  • Heredity
  • Birth order
  • Parents
  • Culture
• Developmental theories provide road maps for explaining human development
• Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory


  Adult behavior as being the result of instinctual drives that have a primary sexual nature (libido)
• Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Stages


  • The Infant (oral phase)
  • The Toddler (anal phase)
  • The Preschooler (phallic phase)
  • The School-Age Child (latent phase)
  • The Adolescent (genital phase)
• Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages


  • The Infant (trust vs mistrust)
  • The Toddler (autonomy vs shame or doubt)
  • The Preschooler (initiative vs guilt)
  • The School-Age Child (industry vs inferiority)
  • The Adolescent (identity vs role confusion)
  • The Young Adult (sense of intimacy vs isolation)
  • The Middle-Aged Adult (sense of generativity vs stagnation)
  • The Older Adult (integrity vs despair)
• Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development


  • Each cognitive development stage is an advance over the previous one
  • To progress from one period to the next, children reorganize their thinking processes to bring them closer to adult thinking
• Jean Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development


  • The Infant (sensorimotor stage)
  • The Toddler (completes final stages of sensorimotor period and begin to develop some cognitive skills of the preoperative period)
  • The Preschoolers (moving on to a substage of preoperational thought, intuitive thought)
  • The School-Age Child (beginning of concrete operational thought)
  • The Adolescent (formal operational thought begins)
• Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development


  Theory on the way children gain knowledge of right and wrong or moral reasoning
• Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development


  • The Infant (a pre-religious stage)
  • The Toddler (preconventional stage: "punishment obedience orientation")
  • The Preschooler (individualism and exchange)
  • The School-Age Child (conventional development: "nice girl, nice boy" stage)
  • The Adolescent (postconventional development: law and social order)
• Assessment for Promotion of Normal Growth and Development


  • Measure and plot height and weight on a standard growth chart
  • Take a health history from both parents and the child and observe what specific activities the child can accomplish
  • Document a 24 hour recall history for nutritional intake, sleep, and a description of school and play behaviors
• Examples of Nursing Diagnoses


  • Risk for delayed growth and development related to lack of age-appropriate toys and activities
  • Delayed growth and development related to prolonged illness
  • Readiness for enhanced family coping related to parent's seeking information about child's growth and development
  • Health-seeking behaviors related to appropriate stimulation for infants
  • Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements, related to parental knowledge deficit regarding child's protein need
  • Deficient knowledge related to potential long-term effects of obesity in school-age child