plant structure, growth, and development

• Plant structure: 3 organs and 2 systems


  • Roots: absorb water and minerals from below ground
  • Leaves: take up CO2 and light from above ground
  • Stems: connect the two
  • Root system
  • Shoot system

  
• Roots


  • Two main types: Taproot system (gymnosperms and eudicots), Fibrous root system (monocots)

  
• Leaf types


  • Simple leaf
  • Compound leaf
  • Doubly compound leaf
• Roots, stems, and leaves share continuous tissue types
• Types of plant cells


  • Ground tissue: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
  • Vascular tissue: Xylem, Phloem

  
• Xylem conducts water, Phloem conducts sugar
• Plant growth - meristems


  • Apical meristems: located at tips of roots and shoots; responsible for primary growth
  • Lateral meristems: responsible for secondary growth; adds thickness to woody plants
  • Vascular cambium: adds secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
  • Cork cambium: adds periderm (bark)

  
• Development


  The process of cells forming specialized tissues, organs, and organisms
• Developmental plasticity


  The influence of environment altering development; greater plasticity in plants than animals
• Arabidopsis is a model plant for development