animal nutrition

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• Attendance


  Animal Nutrition
• Bio 152: Introductory Biology II

  Dr. Huynh
• After this lecture you should be able to:
• What you should be able to do after this lecture


  • Know what animals eat and need
  • Describe how animals eat
  • Understand how animals know when to eat
• What do animals eat?


  • Plants, animals or both
  • Carbohydrates, protein, and lipids
  • Essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals
• How do animals eat?

  • Functions: ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination
  • Forms: gastrovascular cavity/alimentary canal
  • Specialized adaptations
• How animals know when to eat?


  • Hormonal control of ingestion/appetite and energy release and storage
• Herbivores


  Consume mainly plants and algae
• Carnivores


  Consume other animals
• Omnivores


  Consume animals as well as plants or algae
• Essential nutrients


  • Essential amino acids (~ ½ must come from diet)
  • Essential fatty acids
  • Vitamins (small organic molecules)
  • Minerals (small inorganic molecules)

  
• Malnourishment


  Lack of essential nutrients, leading to deformities, disease and death
• Vitamins


  • thiamine
  • retinol
• Chemical digestion


  Enzymatic hydrolysis
• The large surface area in the intestines of some animals


  Directly facilitates absorption
• Types of ingestion


  • Suspension feeders
  • Bulk feeders
  • Substrate feeders
  • Fluid feeders
• Gastrovascular cavity


  Has only a single opening, capable of extracellular digestion, stores food but does not digest it
• Alimentary canal


  Absorbs food molecules and produces hydrolytic enzymes
• Digestive system


  • Alimentary canal
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Intestine
  • Anus
  • Accessory glands
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
• Specialized adaptations

  • Dentition
  • Intestinal adaptations
  • Mutualistic adaptations (e.g. bacteria)
• ATP


  Cellular energy, generated by oxidation of glucose
• Insulin


  Pancreatic hormone that triggers the synthesis of glycogen
• Glucagon


  Pancreatic hormone that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose
• Overnourishment


  Excess food energy, causes obesity
• Conditions caused by obesity


  • Diabetes (type 2)
  • Colon cancer
  • Breast cancer
  • Heart attacks
  • Strokes
• Many hormones involved in ingestion/appetite