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• Waste


  Any material that is thrown away or discarded as useless and unwanted
• 2.2 BILLION TONS of waste yearly worldwide
• Improper disposal of waste can cause


  • Odors
  • Pollution
  • Diseases
  • Animals
  • Fire
• Municipal solid waste


  • Refuse
  • Trash
• Refuse


  • Garbage: highly decomposable food waste
  • Rubbish: dry materials and slowly decomposable or combustible materials
• Trash


  Bulky waste materials that generally require special handling and not collected on routine basis
• Hazardous waste


  • Pose substantial hazard to human health or the environment when improperly managed
  • Generated as liquids, but can occur as solids or gases
  • Contained and confined in metal drums or cylinders
• Solid waste management


  Encompasses the planning, design, financing, construction, and operation of facilities for collecting, transporting, processing, recycling, and final disposal of residual material
• Solid waste management hierarchy


  • Disposal
  • Recover
  • Recycling
  • Reduction
  • Prevention
• Recycling


  Reprocessing discarded solid material into new useful products
• Benefits of recycling


  • Saves resources
  • Reduces solid waste and pollution
  • Reduces unsightly and environmentally harmful litter
• Recyclable materials


  • Paper products
  • Glass
  • Aluminum
  • Steel
  • Plastic
• Ferrous metals


  Contain iron and is magnetic
• Nonferrous metals


  Does not contain iron and is non-magnetic
• Plastic


  • Non-biodegradable, petroleum-derived substance
  • Difficult to recycle because of many types of polymer resins used in their production
  • Should be separated by type
• Paper


  • Old newspaper, office paper, tissue, cardboard, bags, magazines
  • Recycled papers can be used for several purposes but are never "as good" as new after processing
  • Possibility of contamination
• Glass


  • Recovery rate of about 20%
  • Crushed glass or cullet re-melted → new batch of glass
  • If glasses of different colors mixed together → little value for remanufacture of new glass containers
• Composting


  • Biological process → organic portion of waste allowed to decompose under carefully controlled conditions
  • Volume reduction can be up to 50%
• Incineration


  Effective method for reducing volume and weight of waste → burn in proper furnace under suitable temperature and operating conditions
• Sanitary landfills


  Planned and engineered facilities where solid wastes are spread out in thin layers, compacted, and covered with a layer of clay or plastic foam