Alaskan Tundra

• negative heat balance, is when ___ ___ ____ the ground during the ____ than is ____ via geothermal heating and summer sun?

  more heat leaves, winter, absorbed
• negative heat balance leads to an _____ in the ___ ____?

  increase, cryosphere stores
• the ground surface will ____ and ___ every year over permafrost?

  freeze, thaw
• the zone of surface ___-____ of permafrost is known as the ___ ____ ?

  freeze-thaw, active layer
• if winter cooling is not ____ to freeze the ___ ____ to the top of the permafrost, a _____ will be formed between the ____ of the active layer and the ____ of the permafrost?

  sufficient, active layer, talik, base, top
• talik, is a layer of ___ ____ in a permafrost area?

  unfrozen ground
• Existence of talik generally indicates that ____ ___ has moved from ____ to _____?

  heat balance, negative, positive
• the degradation of permafrost can happen both through ___ ___ and the construction of ____ ____ structures on top of it?

  climate change, man made
• once the permafrost thaws, the _____ can ____, damaging the ____ it supports?

  foundation, sink, building
• the key to successfully ____ on frozen ground in the ____ is to retain a ___ ___ ____ ___ ____ where the foundation bears on the soil, to prevent repeated ___ and _____?

  building, North, near-constant subsurface thermal regime , freezing, thawing
• Talik ___ ____?

  never freezes
• cryogenic processes are any process that takes place in the ____?

  cryosphere
• Permafrost is ___ ___ that has ___ ___ ____ (dead frozen plants)?

  frozen soil, dead organic matter
• permafrost contains ___ ____ which are ____as well as ___ ___ which are _____?

  ice wedges, vertical, ice lenses, horizontal
• if ice wedges melt, this forms ____ ____, which are also known as pools of ____?


  thermokast lakes, meltwater