Bio

• monosaccharides

  simplest sugar molecule - monomer of polysaccharides
• disaccharides

  sugar made up off two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond formed in a condensation reaction
• polysaccharides

  polymer made up of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds
• condensation reaction

  reaction in which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecules as a glycosidic bond is formed between them

  
• glycosidic bond

  covalent bond formed in a condensation reaction
• anion

  negative ion formed when an atom gains an electron
• cation

  positive ion formed when an atom loses an electron
• ionic bonds

  attractive forces between oppositely charged ions
• covalent bonds

  formed when atoms share electrons
• dipole

  separation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in a covalent bond are not evenly shared
• polar molecule

  molecule containing a dipole
• hydrogen bonds

  weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom
• monomer

  small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer
• polymer

  long chain molecule made up of many smaller repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds
• macromolecule

  very large molecule formed by polymerisation
• starch

  energy store in plants made of amylose and amylopectin. Insoluble and compact and can be broken down rapidly to release glucose
• sucrose

  sweet tasting disaccharide formed by the joining of a glucose and fructose by a glycosidic bond
• glucose

  hexose sugar
• triose sugar

  sugar with 3 carbon atoms and important in mitochondria
• pentose sugar

  sugar with 5 carbon atoms and important in nucleic acid
• ribose

  pentose sugar that makes up part of the structure of RNA

  
• deoxyribose

  pentose sugar that makes up part of the structure of DNA
• deoxyribonucleic acid

  nucleic acid that acts as the genetic material in many organisms
• ribonucleic acid

  nucleic acid which can act as the genetic material in some organisms and is involved in protein synthesis
• hexose sugar

  sugar with 6 carbon atoms and taste sweet
• isomers

  molecules that have the same chemical formula, but different molecular structures
• nitrate ions (NO3)-

  needed in plants for formation of amino acids and DNA
• phosphate ions (PO4)3-

  forms ATP, ADP, DNA and RNA
• calcium ions (Ca)2+

  forms calcium pectate for middle lamella between cell walls
• magnesium ions (Mg)2+

  produces chlorophyll in plants
• water- polar solvent

  ionic substances dissolve in it and can carry other substances
• water- transport

  substances dissolve in it and can be transported
• water- density

  ice is less dense than water, and maximum density at 4
• water- high SHC

  slow to absorb and release heat and a large amount of energy is needed to change temp of large bodies
• water- hydraulics

  liquid can't be compressed
• water- cohesive

  sticks together and helps movement of water from root to leaves
• water- adhesive

  stick to other molecules and helps plant transport systems and surface tensions
• water- high surface tension

  attraction between molecules is greater than attraction to air, so helps life at surface of ponds
• water- incompressibility

  molecules are close together so can't be compressed
• 𝛼 glucose


  isomer