Human activities

• two ways humans have ___ ____ of permafrost is ___ of _____ because of ___ ___, which is blown across the _____, and ___ ___ ___, which warms permafrost?

  increased melting, reduction, albedo, dark dust, landscape, direct thermal transfer
• what covers the alaskan tundra?

  permafrost
• in summer, what is formed?

  thermokast lakes
• oil rigs cause ___ ___ ____, the management strategy is ___ ____, which prevent ____ from oil rigs from ____ _____, these ___ ___ absorb the heat?

  direct thermal transfer, gravel pads, heat, melting permafrost, gravel pads
• Gravel pads are _____ effective as the gravel pads ___ ____which is ____ across the landscape, ____ albedo and causing ____ to melt?

  partially, generate dust, blown, reducing, permafrost
• oil rigs have a ___ ___ overall of reducing ___ ____ ____?

  great weakness, direct thermal transfer
• the ___-____ Pipeline system which is ____ miles and is maintained at ___ degrees to maintain all _____ causes direct thermal ____, the management strategy for this is ___ ____?

  Trans-Alaskan, 800, fluidity, transfer, piling structures
• piling structures are a ___ ___ management technique suitable for ___ _____?

  widely applicable, all houses
• Piling structures are ____ when ____, and they have ___ ___ ____ that do not require _____?

  cheap, constructed,, passive cooling systems, electricity
• Piling stuctures and ___ ___ and can therefore not be used for ___ ____?

  too heavy, oil rigs
• they are a much more ___ ___ ____?

  attractive management strategy
• ___ Road at ___ Bay, since it's ____ in the ____s, ___ ____ have become more _____ on both sides of the _____, by ____, most of the ___ ____ on the southern side had ____ so much that they are connected to nearby ___ _____?


  Spine, Prudhoe, construction, 1940, thermokast lakes, extensive, road, 2013, thermokast lakes, expanded, Lake Coleen
• the Spine road leads to ___ ___ __?

  reduction of albedo
• management strategy for ___ Road is an ___ road, however this would not be ____ the whole year, and they would have to be ____ from one location to ____ every winter, as it needs the ___ ____ to replenish?

  Spine, Ice, available, moved, another, natural environment
• ice roads would only be ____ in ____-?

  available, winter
• there is currently no ___ ____ ____ for the spine road to reduce ____ on water cycle?

  correct management strategy , impacts
• there has been ___ ____ on either side of the spine road for ____?

  thermokast lakes, decades
• the spine road is made of ____?

  gravel
• the spine road location must be kept ____, as it connects ___ ____ to the oil and ____ ____?

  constant, key settlements, gas industry
• Spine Road was constructed ____ meters above the ____, blocking _____ from Lake ____ during spring ___ ____?

  1.25, tundra, meltwater Coleen, melt season
• ice road construction takes place from ____ to ____?


  december, february
• Ice roads are built in ____?

  segments
• it takes _ days per _ miles of ice road to be made?

  3, 1
• Workers water on the ____, using ___ ___ ___ to create the ice road , this dries out ___ surface water stores ?

  snow, nearby surface water, surrounding
• Construction of ___ ____ underneath buildings to _____ permafrost against ____ buildings, leads to a _____ of albedo , ____ ____ provide a ____ effect on the ground under the _____?


  gravel pads, insulate, warm, reduction, piling structures, shadow, building
• oil wells ___ into the ground, through ____ into the ____, leads to direct ___ ____, in this case a ___ ___ is used, meaning size of gravel pad is now much _____ whilst ___ ____ accessible for the gravel pad is _____, fewer ____ are needed for ____?

  drilled, permafrost, oil, thermal transfer, snake drill, smaller, drilling area, larger, sites, drilling
• ice roads must have a minimum ____ of _ inches?

  thickness, 6
• reduced albedo and ____ of ____ is an example of ____ feedback?

  melting, permafrost, positive
• ice roads require an ___ ____ temperature being __ degrees celcius?

  optimum ambient, -6
• TAPS stands for?


  Trans-Alaskan Pipeline system
• TAPS are ___ ___, that are ___ ___ of heat, the pipe may warm during ___ ____ in summer time?

  metal pipeline, good conductors, intense sunlight
• when ___ flows through ____, it generates _____ with ____ walls, which in turn ___ ____?

  oil, pipe, friction, pipe, generates heat
• Heat from TAPS can be ____ to the ___ ___ as air and ____ can both come in ____ with the pipe?

  transferred, surrounding area, water, contact
• Therm-O-trol is a ___ ___ polyurethane ____ especially formulated for ____ ____ and is used for insulating _____?

  metal bonded, foam, arctic insulation, TAPS
• Therm-O-case is a ____-____ oil well casing with ___-____ insulation , and is used to protect against ___ ____ from hot ___ ___ to the surrounding _____ for ____-____ deep oil wells?


  double-walled, multi-layered, heat transfer, crude oil, permafrost, 2000-foot
• Snake drill was developed by ____, it has improved ____ ___ _technology?

  Shell, lateral drilling