Anthro

• Quantitative trait locus

  locus that correlates with variation of a quantitative trait in the phenotype of a population of organisms
• antagonistic pleiotropy


  occurs when a mutation with beneficial effects for one trait also causes detrimental effects on other traits (ex. benefits when we are younger lead to disease when we're older)
• intrasexual selection


  A direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually the males in vertebrates) for mates of the opposite sex
• Female choice (inter sexual selection)


  By being choosy, females act as agents of selection on male phenotypes
• Anisogamy


  Difference in size/investment into sperm v egg gametes
• Operational sex ratio


  ratio of males to females capable of reproducing at a given time
• sexual selection


  competition for access to reproduction
• benefits of female choice


  higher quality of offspring, food (direct benefit), better genes for offspring (indirect benefit)
• Key characteristics of male display traits


  Expensive to produce (difficult to fake/cheat)

  Conspicuous (easy to see hear/smell)

  Highly variable
• Carotenoids


  yellow/orange/red pigments that animals cant make themselves

  many have antioxidant/immune properties
• in order to drive speciation sexual selection


  needs to have high variability between males
• Fisherian runaway selection


  No true benefits, just preference (ex peacocks)
• Male / male competition

  males battle for access to females (very costly)
• Antagonistic co-evolution


  There can be evolutions for the sole benefit of one gender, might be damaging to the other (male-male competition can be detrimental to the female)
• How many times was modern corn domesticated?

  Once
• What happened when civilization arose?

  weapons became popular (hunting big animals)

  Eating food other than animals (changing landscapes to grow crops)
• Artificial selection


  occurs when humans preferentially breed individuals with desired characteristics (doesn't always result in higher fitness)
• Teosinte


  the ancestor of corn (domesticated once with 5 genetic changes)
• Is corn a GMO?

  Yes, it is the result of thousands of years of artificial selection
• What type of selection is fishing?


  Negative selection. The prize individuals are being taken out of the population and the remaining fish to breed are less desirable
• Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)


  A naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces a protein that kills many pests, including caterpillars and the larvae of some flies and beetles. (Bt crops are organic)
• Hox genes


  transcription factors that determine the anterior-posterior body axis in bilateral organisms and influence the developmental fate of cells.
• how do we know we all descend from a common ancestor?

  all animal life is constructed using the same basic molecular "tool kit"
• Because regulatory regions are compartmentalized


  where and when genes are expressed can evolve, different functions of genes (wing v leg) can evolve independently
• 3 ways to alter animal phenotypes


  1. truncation of a pathway (loss of eyes in cavefish)

  2. changing relative rates of gene expression (long bat fingers)

  3. expressing/activating a pathway in a novel context (growth of horns on beetle heads using master regulator of limb identification)
• polyphenism


  multiple discrete phenotypes that arise from a single genotype
• Orthologs


  genes in different lineages that evolved from a common ancestral gene
• paralogs


  genes related by duplication within a genome
• vicariance event

  the formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in the speciation of once continuously distributed populations (micro evolution leads to macro evolution)
• biological species concept

  species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
• allopatry


  physical isolation of populations
• parapatry


  physical separation by distance, but populations still exchange genes
• Cline


  gradient in trait (or genetic) variation across space
• sympatry


  no physical separation, lots of exchange of alleles
• by changing the environment we are altering

  the "S" for other species
• why do we store crops in cylos/pyramids

  minimize oxygen for insects survival
• R-species

  rapid growth, short life span, lots of young, low investment into young
• K-species

  Slow growth, long lifespan, few young, high investment per offspring
• allocation trade off


  when limited resources are allocated to one life history trait at the detriment of another
• interoperity

  reproduce every year