CARBOHYDRATES

• Alkaline Copper Reaction and Alkaline Ferric Reaction uses GLUCOSE as reducing agent.
• Alkaline Copper Reaction and Alkaline Ferric Reaction are both REDOX reaction
• PHOSPHOMOLYBDENUM BLUE is the product of Folin-Wu method.
• ARSENOMOLYBDENUM BLUE is the product of Nelson-Somogyi method.
• YELLOW CUPROUS-NEOCUPROINE is the product of Neocuproine.
• BENEDICT'S method, also known as Modified Folin-Wu, adds 2 stabilizer which are

  
  

  
  

  CITRATE/TARTRATE.
• Alkaline Ferric Reaction (also known as HAGEDORN-JENSEN method), is an INVERSE COLORIMETRY.
• Alkaline Ferric Reaction: Yellow Ferricyanide + Glucose = COLORLESS FERRICYANIDE.
• What are the principle/s of Hexokinase Glucose Enzymatic Method?

  HEXOKINASE & G6PD (most Specific for glucose)
• Reference method for Glucose Enzymatic Method

  • HEXOKINASE
• HEXOKINASE

  • glucose enzymatic method that measures NADPH
• DUBOWSKI METHOD

  is a Condensation Reaction that measures Glycosylamine.
• COLORIMETRIC GLUCOSE OXIDASE

  is also known as SAIFER-GERSTENFELD method which measures B-D glucose.
• GLUCOSE DEHYDROGENASE METHOD

  • principle: NADH conc'n= glucose соnсеn
  • measured analyte: A-(mutarotase) and B-D glucose
• POLAROGRAPHY

  • measures O2 consumption = glucose concentration
• SAIFER-GERSTENFELD method have enzymes (GLUCOSE OXIDASE and PEROXIDASE) and the product OXIDIZED CHROMOGEN.
• Impaired Glucose

  Normal FBS, Abnormal RBS & OGTT
• Indicationof FBS

  DM Evaluation, Glucose Homeostasis
• Indication of RBS

  Insulin Shock, Hyperglycemic Ketonic Coma
• 2-HOUR POST-PRANDIAL measures how well the body metabolizes glucose.
• OGTT


  Determine glucose metabolism (over time); diagnosis of GDM
• HYPERGLYCEMIA

  • HIGH serum osmolarity
  • INCREASE urine specific gravity
• HYPERGLYCEMIA

  • Ketones in serum and urine
  • DECREASE Na & HC03, INCREASE K
• HbA1c


  Long-term Glucose control of 2-4 months; aka GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN.
• FRUCTOSAMINE

  short-term glucose control of 3-6wks; it is useful for patients with DECREASE RBC LIFE SPAN; aka GLYCATED ALBUMIN.
• SEVERE DM


  B-hydroxybutyrate; Acetoacetate ratio is 6:1
• Type I DM

  • Pathogenesis: B-cell destruction

  • Ketosis is common

  • Tx: Insulin

  • Onset/Risk: Childhood

  • C-peptide: Undetectable

  • Auto-antibody: Anti-GAD 65, Anti-Insulin Ab, Anti-ICA512
• Type II DM

  • Pathogenesis: Insulin resistance

  • Ketosis is rare

  • Tx: Metformin

  • Onset/Risk: Advanced Age

  • C-peptide: Detectable
• Gestational DM Screening/Dx Test

  • 2-hour OGTT

  • 75g Glucose Load
• BENEDICT'S method is also known as Modified Folin-Wu