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Foundations II final
Lab Values
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WBC
are to fight infection
normal =
5-10
WBC
leukocytosis >
11
fever
, lethargic,
dizzy
,
bruising
due to
surgery
,
infection
, trauma, pain, medications
WBC
leukopenia <
4
anemia
,
weakness
,
fatigue
,
fever
, HA
due to
infections
or
chemo
WBC
neutropenia <
1.5
fever
,
mouth sores, skin sores, sx of pneumonia
Due to
infection
or
chemo
Platelets are for
clotting
140-400
Platelets
thrombocytosis >
450
risk for
clot
because blood is too
thick
weakness, HA,
dizzy
,
chest pain
,
tingling in hands/feet
Platelets
Thrombocytopenia <
150
blood is too thin, fall risk
Petechiae
,
fatigue
,
jaundice
,
risk for bleeding
Due to infection, chemo
Hemoglobin
is a protein in RBC that delivers
O2
to your tissues
Males:
14-17
Females:
12-16
Hb
polycythemia
dizzy, seizures, angina, TIA, orthostatic hypotension
Due to heart disease, dehydration
HCV
>20
can lead to
clogging of capillaries
LCV
<5-7
can lead to
heart failure or death
Hb
anemia
decreased
endurance
and
activity tolerance
,
pallor
,
tachycardia
due to
hemorrhage
,
sickle cell anemia
Hematocrit
measures the % of RBC in your body
Males
42-52
%
Females
37-47
%
Hct
Polycythemia
fever
,
HA
,
dizziness
,
weakness
,
fatigue
, easily bruised
Due to
burns
,
eclampsia
, severe
dehydration
, living in
higher
altitudes
Low CV
<15-20%
=
cardiac arrest or death
High CV
>60%
=
spontaneous blood clotting
Hct
anemia
pale skin, HA, dizzy, chest pain, SOB, cold hands/feet
Due to leukemia, hyperthyroidism, RA, hemorrhage
Sodium
is the primary determinant of extracellular fluid volume and allows for conduction of nerve impulses
134-142
What is part of the electrolyte panel?
sodium
,
potassium
,
chloride
,
calcium
Sodium
hypernatremia
> 145
irritable,
agitated
,
seizure
,
hypotension
,
tachycardia
,
decreased urinary output
due to increased sodium intake, CHF, Cushing's disease
Sodium
hyponatremia <
130
HA, lethargic,
decreased reflexes
,
seizures
,
orthostatic hypotension, pitting edema
Due to diuretic use, GI issue, burns
Potassium is important for function of excitable cells such as nerves, muscles, and heart
3.7-5.1
supports normal
BP
Potassium
hyperkalemia
>5.5
muscle weakness, paresthesia,
bradycardia
,
cardiac arrest
due to renal failure, blood transfusion
Potassium
hypokalemia
<3.5
Extremity weakness,
decreased
reflexes,
paresthesia
,
leg cramps
,
cardiac arrest
,
hypotension
, constipation
Due to
diarrhea
,
cushings
,
malnutrition
Calcium
is important for bone/tooth formation, cell division and growth, muscle contraction,
normal heart function
99
% stored in the bones
Calcium is regulated by
parathyroid
hormone and
calcitonin
Calcium
hypercalcemia
lethargic, muscle weakness,
constipation
,
decreased
reflexes
Due to bone destruction (tumor), fx, immobilization
Calcium
hypocalcemia
anxiety
, confusion,
seizure
, fatigue,
numbness/tingling
,
increased
reflexes,
muscle cramps
due to
poor dietary
intake, limited absorption,
pancreatitis
Chloride helps maintain
BP
, plays a role in
digestion
, important for acid-base balance
98-108
Chloride
hyperchloremia
lethargic
,
decreased LOC
, weakness,
edema
, HTN,
tachycardia
due to
high-salt
,
low-water
diet
Chloride
hypochloremia
agitated
,
irritable
,
increased reflexes
,
cramping
due to
low salt diet
,
water intoxication
, excessive vomiting or diarrhea
Phosphate is needed for
bone
and
tooth
formation
as
calcium
increases,
phosphate
decreases
2.3-4.1
Phosphate
hyperphosphatemia
lethargic
,
muscle weakness
,
decreased
reflexes,
constipation
due to bone destruction (tumor), immobilization, fx
Phosphate
hypophosphatemia
anxiety
,
confusion
,
seizure
,
fatigue
,
numbness/tingling
,
increased
reflexes,
muscle cramps
due to poor dietary intake, limited GI absorption
Magnesium is needed for
muscles, nerves and heart to function properly
helps control
BP
and
blood glucose
,
bone
formation,
immune function
, and
fluid
balance
consumed in
nuts, grains, leafy greens
1.2-1.9
Magnesium
hypermagnesemia
drowsy
, lethargic,
decreased
reflexes,
hypotension
due to
dehydration
,
leukemia
,
renal
failure
Magnesium
hypomagnesemia
increased
reflexes,
tremors
,
spasticity
,
seizures
,
nystagmus
,
cardiac
issues
due to
eating
disorders,
medications
BUN =
blood urea nitrogen
, a measure of the amount of
nitrogen
in the blood
if kidneys are not functioning properly, the BUN will be
increased
part of the
kidney
panel
BUN norms =
6-25
Increased BUN
HTN, fatigue, itchy/dry skin
, decreased cognition,
bone pain
due to high-protein diet,
renal
failure,
fever
Serum
creatinine
is a waste product that comes from muscles
part of the
kidney
panel
Males
0.7-1.3
Females
0.4-1.1
Serum Creatinine increased
reduced urine output
back pain
dark urine
HA
Due to renal disease, muscular dystrophy, dehydration
Decreased serum creatinine
fatigue
Due to
age
,
low
muscle mass
Glucose measures blood glucose at the time the test is administered
70-100
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