quiz 1 pharma

• Drug


  a chemical substance/ molecule that interacts with specific molecular components of an organism to cause biochemical and physiological changes within that organism
• Xenobiotic


  A chemical substance foreign to the biological system that can be natural or synthetic
• Drug receptor


  A biological macromolecule whose function is altered by interaction with a drug. drug binding results in mediation of biochemical and physiological changes in an organism (typically a protein that receives chemical signals from outside of the cell and causes a response)

  Protein that receives chemical signals from outside of the cell and causes a response
• Vehicle


  substance used to deliver a drug. can be solid liquid or a gas and must not interfere with target or properties of the drug it carries and is beneficial if drug is soluble in it to prevent inaccurate concentrations of the drug delivered
• Antagonist


  chemical (ligand) that binds to a receptor to block/ interfere with the agonists effects
• Pharmacology


  the study of how drugs and xenobiotics affect biological systems. mechanisms of action of pharmacological agents on biological systems
• Dose


  amount of drug or chemical substance delivered to an organism
• Agonist


  chemical (ligand) that binds to a receptor and activates it to initiate or cause a biological response
• Duration


  how long the chemical agent is given or length of time it is therapeutically effective
• Exposure


  How a drug or xenobiotic is delivered to an organism (oral, dermal, inhalation, or injection)
• Frequency


  How often a chemical agent is administered
• inhalation, injection (ip, subcutaneous intravenous then intramuscular then id), oral, dermal


  Order of most rapid to slowest routes of exposure
• physical state, primary clinical use, chemical reactivity/ structure, and legal/ regulatory status


  4 ways to classify a pharmacological agent
• Direct introduction directly into the blood stream


  What produces the greatest effect and most rapid response in terms of drug exposure?
• oral, dermal (topical), inhalation, injection


  4 primary routes of exposure
• subcutaneous (sc), intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), intrathecal (it), intraarterial (ia),


  Types of injections
• enteral


  administration of a drug by mouth. simplest drug route
• parenteral


  drug is administered directly into the systemic circulation, cerebrospinal fluid, vascularized (blood vessel containing) tissue, or other tissue space
• pharmacodynamics


  study of what drugs do to the body and how they do it. understanding of mechanisms of actions for drugs and how they produce a physiological effect
• pharmacokinetics


  the study of drug movement throughout the body (roadmap) to describe a drugs movement into and out of the body
• Bile


  A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles and is stored in the gallbladder

  
  

  a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
• metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, glycogen storage, protein synthesis, and gluconeogenesis


  Functions of liver
• The drug must reach the target site at a certain concentration for a certain amount of time


  How does a drug have an effect?
• routes (how is it administered) frequency (how often is it administered) duration (how long is it administered)


  3 factors that play into exposure
• Full agonist


  leads to 100% activation
• partial agonist


  leads to less than 100% activation
• chemical & physical properties, exposure, metabolism, overall susceptibility of the biological system/subject


  factors to consider to facilitate sufficient production of a drug's desirable effects in addition to reaching a target site at a certain concentration for a length of time
• pH=pKa+log[A-]/[HA] or pH= pKb+log[HB]/[B-]

  Henderson Hasselbach equation
• Antidepressants, antihistamines, cancer therapeutics, birth control, hallucinogens, laxatives, antiacids, diuretics, blood thinners (anticoagulants), antidiarrheal, vitamins


  Examples of primary clinical use as a classification of a pharmacologic agent
• solid (pill), liquid (Nyquill), and gas (anesthesia or inhaler)


  examples of physical state for classification of pharmacologic agents
• alcohols, peptides, ketones, amino acids, aldehydes, cyclic structures (aromatic)


  examples of classification of a pharmacologic agent as chemical reactivity/ structure
• illegal vs. legal drugs


  examples of legal/ regulatory status as a classification of a pharmacologic agent
• direct introduction of drug into the blood stream


  What will give greatest effect and most rapid response?
• acute


  experimental exposure scenario in which there is a 1 time exposure lasting less than 24 hours and for inhalation is continuous exposure for 4 hours
• sub acute


  exposure lasts for a month or less and is repeated. (more than once)
• sub chronic


  exposure lasts for up to 90 days and is repeated
• chronic


  exposure that is repeated and lasts for 90 days up to a life time
• half-time


  time needed to eliminate 50% of a substance. a long one means that a drug does not need to be administered frequently. Term determines frequency
• Additive


  chemical interaction in pharmacology in which there is a combined effects of two chemicals equal to the sum of their individual effects if each was given alone

  1+1=2 NSAIDs+SSRI= increased bleeding risk
• Synergistic


  Combined effects of 2 chemicals is greater than additive

  2+2=10 low dose opioid +low dose THC= improved analgesia (pain relief)