Non-Blood Specimens

• Three types of urine testing

  -Physical

  -Chemical

  -Microscopic
• When is best for urine collection

  First Morning Sample
• What causes UTI

  E. Coli
• Normal for postprandial

  8p-100
• Threshold for postprandial


  160 g/dL
• You should collect midstream during urine sample collection
• How much mL is needed in urine analysis?

  12 mL
• 3 types of urine catheters

  -Red Rubber/Polypropylene Catheter

  -Foley Catheter

  -Tom Cat Catheter
• Urinalysis:

  No visible particulates, transparent

  Clear
• Urinalysis:

  
  

  Few particulates, print wasily seen through urine

  Hazy
• Urinalysis:

  Many particulates, print blurred through urine

  Cloudy
• Urinalysis:

  Print cannot be seen through urine

  Turbid
• Urinalysis:

  May precipitate or be clotted

  Milky
• Optimal urine color

  Straw
• Urine color where in you need to drink water within an hour


  yellow
• when urine color is yellow you need to drink water within how long of a time frame?

  within an hour
• Coloring agent if urine


  urochrome
• Urine PH:

  Average normal urine PH

  6
• Urine PH:

  Normal range depending on diet

  5-9
• Urine PH:

  Higher urine PH

  Alkaline urine
• Urine PH:

  Lower urine PH

  Acid urine
• Urine PH:

  Higher PH

  1. Drugs: Sodium Bicarbonate
  2. Classic: Renal Tubular Acidosis
  3. Alkalosis (metabolic or respiratory)
• Urine PH:

  Lower PH

  1. Drugs: Ammonium Chloride
  2. Acidosis (metabolic or respiratory)
• Urine Specific Gravity:

  Urine specific gravity value when well hydrated

  <1.010
• Urine Specific Gravity:

  Urine specific gravity value when minimal dehydration

  1.10-1.020
• Urine Specific Gravity:

  Urine specific gravity value when significant dehydration

  1.021-1.030
• Urine Specific Gravity:

  Urine specific gravity value when serious dehydration


  >1.030
• 3 membranes that cover the CSF

  1. Outer Most Membrane: Dura Mater
  2. Center Membrate: Arachnoid Mater
  3. Inner Membrane: Pia Mater
• CSF is located between the

  Pia and Arachnoid Mater
• CSF is a selective ultrafiltrate of plasma
• Name of the membranes that cover the CNS

  Meninges
• Clear, colorless body fluid is found in the brain and spinal cord.

  Cerebrospinal Fluid
• What absorbs CSF


  Arachnoid Villi
• CSF Collection:

  Spinal needle is inserted usually between what lumbar vertebrae

  3rd and 4th
• CSF Collection:

  Where is the anesthesia inserted

  skin only
• CSF Collection:

  What position does the patient need to be in during CSF collection

  Fetal Position
• CSF Collection:

  What needle is required for faster collection

  22g Spinal Needle
• CSF Collection:

  Needle selection

  Beveled tip, easy skin penetration, easy to steer

  Quincke
• CSF Collection:

  Needle selection

  Non-cutting needle, theoretical lower risk of CSF leak


  Whitacre
• CSF Collection:

  Needle selection

  Needle length for obese patients

  5 inches (13cm)