4.5

• defined boundary - established by a legal document, such as a treaty, that divides on entity from another (invisible line)
• delimited boundary - drawn on a map by a cartographer to show the limits of a space
• demarcated boundary - identified by physical objects placed on the landscape, such as fences, walls, and roads
• definitional boundary dispute - when two or more parties disagree on the meaning of a term in a contract
• locational boundary disputes - disputes over the location of a boundary between two countries
• irredentism - the desire to expand the territory of a state to include territory that was once part of it
• operational boundary dispute/functional dispute - a dispute over the boundaries of a function or the functions of a unit
• allocations boundary dispute/resource dispute - when a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries
• administered boundary - how a boundary will be maintained, how it will function, and what goods and people will be allowed to cross
• controlled boundary - boundaries that have checkpoints where a passport or visa are required to enter the country
• exclaves - territories that are part of a state, yet geographically separated from the main state by one or more countries
• political enclaves - states, territories or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state
• Vertical plane


  Extends through borders, defining space above and below the land
• Conflicts over the use of the ocean have been common in modern history
• Territorial sea


  Extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass, but noncommercial vessels may be challenged
• Nautical mile


  Equal to 1.15 land-measured miles
• Contiguous zone


  Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation
• Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)


  Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles
• High seas


  Water beyond any country's EEZ that is open to all states
• small island developing states (SIDS) - small island nations that are vulnerable to climate change
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(1973-1982) is defined by four boundaries:

  • territorial sea
  • contiguous zone
  • exclusive economic zone(EEZ)
  • high seas