AP HUG - Unit 3

• Folk culture


  Traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas
• Popular culture


  Found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
• Folk culture and popular culture typically differ in their processes of origin, diffusion, and distribution
• Landscapes dominated by folk culture change relatively little over time, while popular culture is based on rapid simultaneous global connections through communications systems, transportation networks, and other modern technology
• Language


  A system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning
• Language is an important part of culture
• Popular culture is becoming more dominant, threatening the survival of unique folk culture
• Language is the means through which other cultural values, such as religion and ethnicity, are communicated
• Language is a source of pride to a people, a symbol of cultural unity
• Elements of culture emphasized in this chapter


  • Daily necessities (food, clothing, shelter)
  • Leisure activities (arts, recreation)
• As a culture develops


  Language is both a cause of that development and a consequence
• Culture hearth


  Center of innovation where culture originates
• English has achieved an unprecedented globalization because people around the world are learning it to participate in a global economy and culture
• At the same time, people are trying to preserve local diversity in language because language is one of the basic elements of cultural identity
• Language families


  • Austro-Asiatic
  • Austronesian
  • Altaic
  • Dravidian
  • Indo-European
  • Afro-Asiatic
• Origin of folk culture


  • Often has anonymous hearths, originating from anonymous sources, at unknown dates, through unidentified originators
  • May also have multiple hearths, originating independently in isolated locations
• Origin of popular culture


  • Typically traceable to a specific person or corporation in a particular place
  • Most often a product of developed countries, especially in North America and Europe
• Sub-families of Indo-European


  • Semitic
  • West Germanic
  • Germanic
  • Romance
  • Indo-Iranian
  • Indo-Aryan
• Origin of hip hop


  • August 11, 1973, at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, in New York City's Bronx Borough, during a block party with DJ Kool Herc
• Diffusion of folk culture


  Transmitted from one location to another relatively slowly and on a small scale, primarily through relocation diffusion (migration)
• Diffusion of popular culture


  Spreads through a process of hierarchical diffusion, diffusing rapidly and extensively from hearths or nodes of innovation with the help of modern communications
• Diffusion of Western dance music


  • Rapidly diffused from the United States to Europe in the late 20th century, including Detroit's techno music and Chicago's house music
• Languages


  • Japanese
  • Korean
  • Finnish
  • Arabic
  • Amharic
  • Malayalam
  • Nostralic?
  • Austric?
  • Turkish
  • Turkmen
  • English
  • Spanish
  • French
  • Romanian
  • Haitian Creole
  • Sicilian
  • Ukrainian
  • Russian
  • Slovak
  • Czech
  • Pashto
  • Balochi
  • Bengali
  • Bhojpuri
  • Maithili
  • Hindi
  • Marathi
  • Urdu
  • Gujarati
  • Sindhi
  • Rajasthani
  • Chhattisgarhi
  • Assamese
  • Konkani
  • Nepali
  • Chittagonian
  • Magahi
  • Deccan
  • Sylheti
  • Bagheli
  • Varhadi-Nagpuri
  • Lahnda (Panjabi)
  • Javanese
  • Vietnamese
  • Khmer
  • Santali
  • Sundanese
  • Batak
  • Ilokano
  • Hiligaynon
  • Tagalog
  • Malagasy
  • Hungarian
  • Madurese
  • Cebuano
  • Minangkabau
  • Malay
  • Bikol
  • Kazakh
  • Uyghur
  • Tatar
  • Azerbaijani
  • Mongolian
  • Uzbek
  • Tamil
  • Kannada
  • Telugu
  • Tigrinya
  • Hebrew
  • Berber
  • Somali
  • Oromo
  • Hausa
  • German
  • Dutch
  • Afrikaans
  • Bavarian
  • Danish
  • Norwegian
  • Swedish
  • Catalan
  • Portuguese
  • Neapolitan
  • Italian
  • Belarusan
  • Polish
  • Kanauji
  • Serbo-Croatian
  • Bulgarian
  • Oriya
  • Eastern Panjabi
  • Marwari
  • Sinhalese
  • Rangpuri
  • Haryanvi
  • Kashmiri
  • Bhili
  • Korean
  • Japanese
  • Farsi (Persian)
  • Albanian
  • Armenian
  • Greek
  • Kurdish
• Most languages can be classified as belonging to a family
• Diffusion of hip hop music


  • Diffused from the Bronx to nearby Philadelphia during the 1970s and to other U.S. cities during the 1980s
  • Introduced into Western Europe and Japan and diffused back to Caribbean countries
  • Reached Latin America, Asia, and Africa in more recent decades, where local cultural styles influenced the music
• Individual languages and language families cluster in distinctive regions
• As popular culture diffuses around the world, it can become less important in its hearth
• Language family


  A collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history
• Language branch


  A collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago
• Popular culture is distributed widely across many countries, with little regard for physical factors, influenced by the ability of people to access the material elements
• Local physical and cultural factors influence the distinctive distributions of folk culture
• Language group


  A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary
• The world's languages can be organized into families, branches, and groups
• Distinctive folk art traditions in the Himalayas


  • Tibetan Buddhists in the north paint idealized divine figures
  • Hindus in the south create scenes from everyday life and familiar local scenes
  • Muslims in the west are inspired by the region's beautiful plants and flowers
  • Folk religionists in the east paint symbols and designs that derive from their religion rather than from the local environment
• Larger language families can be further divided into language branches and language groups
• The diversity of cultures in the Himalayas is influenced by cultural institutions such as religion and environmental processes such as climate, landforms, and vegetation
• The several thousand spoken languages can be organized logically into a small number of language families
• would NOT recommend that we show national boundaries on the map--would imply a level of detail that is just not there

  
• The study area, a narrow corridor of 2,500 kilometers (1,500 miles) in the Himalaya Mountains of Bhutan, Nepal, northern India, and southern Tibet (China) contains four religious groups: Tibetan Buddhists in the north, Hindus in the south, Muslims in the west, and Southeast Asian folk religionists in the east
• Writing samples in the legend and on the map are from the wiki commons source, cropped out in PSD